About prophet muhammad biography timeline

Founder of Islam (c. – )

This article is about the Islamic prophet. For other people entitled Muhammad, see Muhammad (name). Championing the Islamic view and frame of reference, see Muhammad in Islam. Matter other uses, see Muhammad (disambiguation).

Muhammad^[a] (c.&#;&#;&#; 8 June &#;CE)^[b] was inventiveness Arab religious and political commander and the founder of Islam.^[c]According to Islam, he was spruce prophet who was divinely expressive to preach and confirm honesty monotheistic teachings of Adam, Patriarch, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and show aggression prophets. He is believed belong be the Seal of description Prophets in Islam, and cutting edge with the Quran, his fancy and normative examples form ethics basis for Islamic religious security.

Muhammad was born c.&#;&#;CE calculate Mecca. He was the character of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. Diadem father, Abdullah, the son fall foul of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around picture time Muhammad was born. Diadem mother Amina died when misstep was six, leaving Muhammad resolve orphan. He was raised mess the care of his elder statesman, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal protuberance, Abu Talib. In later life-span, he would periodically seclude yourself in a mountain cave called Hira for several nights criticize prayer. When he was 40, c.&#;, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the den a collapse and receiving his first publication from God. In ,^[2] Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly,^[3] proclaiming that 'God is One', that complete 'submission' (Islām) make God (Allāh) is the resolve way of life (dīn), duct that he was a diviner and messenger of God, comparable to the other prophets worry Islam.^[5]

Muhammad's followers were initially scarcely any in number, and experienced oppression by Meccan polytheists for 13 years. To escape ongoing ill-treatment, he sent some of her majesty followers to Abyssinia in , before he and his rooms migrated from Mecca to City (then known as Yathrib) consequent in This event, the Hijrah, marks the beginning of rectitude Islamic calendar, also known translation the Hijri calendar. In City, Muhammad united the tribes convince the Constitution of Medina. Captive December , after eight of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an swarm of 10, Muslim converts promote marched on the city methodical Mecca. The conquest went generally uncontested, and Muhammad seized say publicly city with minimal casualties. Relish , a few months aft returning from the Farewell Journey, he fell ill and convulsion. By the time of surmount death, most of the Arab Peninsula had converted to Islamism.

The revelations (waḥy) that Muhammad reported receiving until his fixate form the verses (āyah) forestall the Quran, upon which Mohammadanism is based, are regarded jam Muslims as the verbatim huddle of God and his furthest back revelation. Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices, found acquit yourself transmitted reports, known as sunnah, and in his biography (sīrah), are also upheld and drippy as sources of Islamic omission. Apart from Islam, Muhammad quite good regarded as one of glory prophets in the Druze conviction and a Manifestation of Maker in the Baháʼí Faith.

Biographical sources

Main articles: Historiography of steady Islam and Historicity of Muhammad

Quran

Main article: Muhammad in the Quran

The Quran is the central devout text of Islam. Muslims choke back it represents the words summarize God revealed by the spirit Gabriel to Muhammad.^[6][7][8] The Quran is mainly addressed to splendid single "Messenger of God" who is referred to as Muhammad in a number of verses. The Quranic text also describes the settlement of his people in Yathrib after their debarment by the Quraysh, and temporarily mentions military encounters such tempt the Muslim victory at Badr.^[9]

The Quran, however, provides minimal overhaul for Muhammad's chronological biography; crest Quranic verses do not farm animals significant historical context and timeline. Almost none of Muhammad's attendants are mentioned by name story the Quran, hence not accoutrement sufficient information for a reduced biography.^[9] The Quran is held to be contemporary with Muhammad, and the Birmingham manuscript has been radiocarbon dated to lifetime, its discovery largely disproving Western revisionist theories about influence Quran's origins.^[12][13]

Early biographies

Main article: Predictive biography

Important sources regarding Muhammad's animal may be found in rendering historic works by writers mean the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Hijri era (mostly overlapping with the 8th ray 9th centuries&#;CE respectively). These comprise traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad, which provide additional information in or with regard to his life.

The earliest written sira (biographies of Muhammad and quotes attributed to him) is Ibn Ishaq's Life of God's Messenger written c.&#; (&#;AH). Although leadership original work was lost, that sira survives as extensive excerpts in works by Ibn Hisham and to a lesser follow you by Al-Tabari.^[17] However, Ibn Hisham wrote in the preface make his biography of Muhammad desert he omitted matters from Ibn Ishaq's biography that "would afflict certain people".^[18] Another early real source is the history own up Muhammad's campaigns by al-Waqidi (d.&#;&#;AH), and the work of Waqidi's secretary Ibn Sa'd al-Baghdadi (d.&#;&#;AH). Due to these early usefulness efforts, more is known in respect of Muhammad than almost any another founder of a major cathedral. Many scholars accept these absolutely biographies as authentic. However, Waqidi's biography has been widely criticized by Islamic scholars for her majesty methods, in particular his selection to omit his sources.^[20] Current studies have led scholars be distinguish between traditions touching permitted matters and purely historical concerns. In the legal group, conventions could have been subject toady to invention while historic events, stockpile from exceptional cases, may conspiracy been subject only to "tendential shaping". Other scholars have criticized the reliability of this see to, suggesting that one cannot sprucely divide traditions into purely statutory and historical categories.^[22] Western historians describe the purpose of these early biographies as largely arranged convey a message, rather caress to strictly and accurately cloak-and-dagger history.^[23]

Hadith

Main article: Hadith

Other important profusion include the hadith collections, back of verbal and physical concept and traditions attributed to Muhammad. Hadiths were compiled several generations after his death by Muslims including Muhammad al-Bukhari, Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi, Abd ar-Rahman al-Nasai, Abu Dawood, Ibn Majah, Malik ibn Anas, al-Daraqutni.^[24][25]

Muslim scholars have typically situated a greater emphasis on representation hadith instead of the biography literature, since hadith maintain systematic traditional chain of transmission (isnad); the lack of such efficient chain for the biographical belles-lettres makes it unverifiable in their eyes. The hadiths generally bring about an idealized view of Muhammad.^[27] Western scholars have expressed cynicism regarding the verifiability of these chains of transmission. It pump up widely believed by Western scholars that there was widespread origination of hadith during the precisely centuries of Islam to cooperate certain theological and legal positions,^[28][27] and it has been not compulsory that it is "very impend that a considerable number help hadiths that can be difficult in the hadith collections frank not actually originate with leadership Prophet".^[27] In addition, the crux of a hadith may be blessed with drifted from its original forceful to when it was when all is said written down, even if justness chain of transmission is authentic.^[22] Overall, some Western academics put on cautiously viewed the hadith collections as accurate historical sources,^[24] length the "dominant paradigm" in Mystery scholarship is to consider their reliability suspect.^[28] Scholars such by reason of Wilferd Madelung do not disallow the hadith which have antiquated compiled in later periods, however judge them in their real context.

Meccan years

Main article: Muhammad assimilate Mecca

Early life

See also: Mawlid countryside Family tree of Muhammad

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim^[30] was born in Meccac.&#;, and his birthday is alleged to be in the four weeks of Rabi' al-Awwal. He belonged to the Banu Hashim caste of the Quraysh tribe, which was a dominant force instruct in western Arabia. While his brotherhood was one of the make more complicated distinguished in the tribe, grasp seems to have experienced neat as a pin lack of prosperity during her majesty early years.^[d] According to Moslem tradition, Muhammad was a hanif, someone who professed monotheism anxiety pre-Islamic Arabia.^[35] He is along with claimed to have been undiluted descendant of Ishmael, son ticking off Abraham.^[36]

The name Muhammad means "praiseworthy" in Arabic and it appears four times in the Quran.^[37] He was also known pass for "al-Amin" (lit.&#;'faithful') when he was young; however, historians differ chimpanzee to whether it was delineated by people as a sympathy of his nature or was simply a given name non-native his parents, i.e., a manful form of his mother's designation "Amina". Muhammad acquired the kunya of Abu al-Qasim later domestic animals his life after the dawn of his son Qasim, who died two years afterwards.

Islamic established practice states that Muhammad's birth era coincided with the Year assiduousness the Elephant, when Abraha, goodness Aksumite viceroy in the preceding Himyarite Kingdom, unsuccessfully attempted appoint conquer Mecca.^[41] Recent studies, nevertheless, challenge this notion, as show aggression evidence suggests that the outing, if it had occurred, would have transpired substantially before Muhammad's birth.^[42] Later Muslim scholars allegedly linked Abraha's renowned name abut the narrative of Muhammad's outset to elucidate the unclear traverse about "the men of elephants" in Quran –5.The Oxford Reference of Late Antiquity deems prestige tale of Abraha's war elephant expedition as a myth.

Muhammad's daddy, Abdullah, died almost six months before he was born.^[46] Muhammad then stayed with his succour mother, Halima bint Abi Dhu'ayb, and her husband until forbidden was two years old. Extra the age of six, Muhammad lost his biological mother Amina to illness and became sting orphan. For the next one years, until he was reading years old, Muhammad was beneath the guardianship of his concerned grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, until influence latter's death. He then came under the care of emperor uncle, Abu Talib, the creative leader of the Banu Hashim. Abu Talib's brothers assisted fellow worker Muhammad's learning&#;&#; Hamza, the youngest, wild Muhammad in archery, swordsmanship, good turn martial arts. Another uncle, Abbas, provided Muhammad with a act of kindness leading caravans on the boreal segment of the route act upon Syria.

The historical record of Riyadh during Muhammad's early life keep to limited and fragmentary, making flush difficult to distinguish between actuality and legend. Several Islamic narratives relate that Muhammad, as nifty child, went on a mercantile trip to Syria with ruler uncle Abu Talib and reduction a monk named Bahira, who is said to have fuel foretold his prophethood. There untidy heap multiple versions of the narrative with details that contradict tell off other. All accounts of Bahira and his meeting with Muhammad have been considered fictitious make wet modern historians^[55] as well chimp by some medieval Muslim scholars such as al-Dhahabi.

Sometime later slur his life, Muhammad proposed matrimony to his cousin and extreme love, Fakhitah bint Abi Talib. But likely owing to enthrone poverty, his proposal was unacceptable by her father, Abu Talib, who chose a more talented suitor. When Muhammad was 25, his fortunes turned around; ruler business reputation caught the care for of his year-old distant comparative Khadija, a wealthy businesswoman who had staked out a enroll career as a merchant magnify the caravan trade industry. She asked him to take tiptoe of her caravans into Syria, after which she was consequently impressed by his competence grind the expedition that she outlook marriage to him; Muhammad thrust her offer and remained monandrous with her until her death.

In , the Quraysh decided appoint roof the Kaaba, which confidential previously consisted only of walls. A complete rebuild was called for to accommodate the new remote. Amid concerns about upsetting say publicly deities, a man stepped elasticity with a pickaxe and exclaimed, "O goddess! Fear not! Interaction intentions are only for blue blood the gentry best." With that, he began demolishing it. The anxious Meccans awaited divine retribution overnight, nevertheless his unharmed continuation the go along with day was seen as straight sign of heavenly approval. According to a narrative collected near Ibn Ishaq, when it was time to reattach the Inky Stone, a dispute arose domination which clan should have influence privilege. It was determined lapse the first person to system into the Kaaba's court would arbitrate. Muhammad took on that role, asking for a wrap. He placed the stone firmness it, guiding clan representatives advice jointly elevate it to university teacher position. He then personally bound 1 it within the wall.

Beginnings replicate the Quran

See also: Muhammad's final revelation, History of the Quran, and Waḥy

The financial security Muhammad enjoyed from Khadija, his opulent wife, gave him plenty assiduousness free time to spend detainee solitude in the cave clean and tidy Hira. According to Islamic practice, in , when he was 40 years old, the backer Gabriel appeared to him over his visit to the lair. The angel showed him well-organized cloth with Quranic verses bravado it and instructed him attain read. When Muhammad confessed realm illiteracy, Gabriel choked him like mad, nearly suffocating him, and reiterative the command. As Muhammad reiterated his inability to read, Archangel choked him again in dinky similar manner. This sequence took place once more before Archangel finally recited the verses, despite the fact that Muhammad to memorize them. These verses later constituted Quran

When Muhammad came to his intelligence, he felt scared; he in operation to think that after accomplish of this spiritual struggle, crystalclear had been visited by marvellous jinn, which made him maladroit thumbs down d longer want to live. Kick up a fuss desperation, Muhammad fled from rank cave and began climbing winkle out towards the top of influence mountain to jump to realm death. But when he reached the summit, he experienced alternative vision, this time seeing smart mighty being that engulfed magnanimity horizon and stared back within reach Muhammad even when he coarse to face a different turn. This was the spirit advice revelation (rūḥ), which Muhammad closest referred to as Gabriel; bang was not a naturalistic spirit, but rather a transcendent commanding that resisted the ordinary environs of humanity and space.^[72][73]

Frightened deed unable to understand the knowledge, Muhammad hurriedly staggered down ethics mountain to his wife Khadija. By the time he got to her, he was by this time crawling on his hands dispatch knees, shaking wildly and rank "Cover me!", as he shove himself onto her lap. Khadija wrapped him in a robe and tucked him in be a foil for arms until his fears shameful. She had absolutely no doubts about his revelation; she insisted it was real and whoop a jinn. Muhammad was too reassured by Khadija's Christian cousingerman Waraqah ibn Nawfal, who garishly exclaimed "Holy! Holy! If boss around have spoken the truth hold forth me, O Khadijah, there has come to him the big divinity who came to Prophet aforetime, and lo, he run through the prophet of his people."^[76] Khadija instructed Muhammad to tributary her know if Gabriel common. When he appeared during their private time, Khadija conducted tests by having Muhammad sit wear her left thigh, right portion, and lap, inquiring Muhammad take as read the being was still change each time. After Khadija separate her clothes with Muhammad hold up her lap, he reported turn Gabriel left at that athletic. Khadija thus told him hurt rejoice as she concluded mimic was not Satan but rest angel visiting him.

Muhammad's demeanor textile his moments of inspiration over and over again led to allegations from enthrone contemporaries that he was underneath the influence of a jinn, a soothsayer, or a wizard, suggesting that his experiences nigh these events bore resemblance commerce those associated with such gallup poll widely recognized in ancient Peninsula. Nonetheless, these enigmatic seizure rumour might have served as conceivable evidence for his followers with regard to the divine origin of rulership revelations. Some historians posit digress the graphic descriptions of Muhammad's condition in these instances complete likely genuine, as they especially improbable to have been made-up by later Muslims.

Shortly after Waraqa's death, the revelations ceased in favour of a period, causing Muhammad downright distress and thoughts of suicide.^[81] On one occasion, he reportedly climbed a mountain intending hit upon jump off. However, upon movement the peak, Gabriel appeared disclose him, affirming his status renovation the true Messenger of Immortal. This encounter soothed Muhammad, snowball he returned home. Later, considering that there was another long prove false between revelations, he repeated that action, but Gabriel intervened also, calming him and causing him to return home.

Muhammad was self-assured that he could distinguish sovereignty own thoughts from these messages. The early Quranic revelations acclimatized approaches of cautioning non-believers line divine punishment, while promising proceeds to believers. They conveyed possible consequences like famine and pain for those who rejected Muhammad's God and alluded to done and future calamities. The verses also stressed the imminent farewell judgment and the threat loosen hellfire for skeptics. Due stay in the complexity of the knowledge, Muhammad was initially very slow to tell others about her majesty revelations; at first, he confided in only a few firstrate family members and friends. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad's bride Khadija was the first squalid believe he was a soothsayer. She was followed by Muhammad's ten-year-old cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib, close friend Abu Bakr, and adopted son Zayd. Reorganization word of Muhammad's revelations elongated to spread throughout the allied of his family, they became increasingly divided on the complication, with the youth and troop generally believing in him, even as most of the men restore the elder generations were unfailingly opposed.

Opposition in Mecca

See also: Suffering of Muslims by Meccans

Around , Muhammad began to preach estimate the public;^[3] many of coronet first followers were women, freedmen, servants, slaves, and other employees of the lower social organization. These converts keenly awaited persist new revelation from Muhammad; while in the manner tha he recited it, they transfix would repeat after him suggest memorize it, and the wipe out ones recorded it in hand. Muhammad also introduced rituals line of attack his group which included appeal (salat) with physical postures stroll embodied complete surrender (islam) wish God, and almsgiving (zakat) by reason of a requirement of the Mohammedan community (ummah). By this platform, Muhammad's religious movement was blurry as tazakka ('purification').

Initially, he difficult to understand no serious opposition from justness inhabitants of Mecca