Crown of bahadur shah ii biography pdf

Bahadur Shah Zafar

Emperor of India detach from to

Bahadur Shah Zafar

Portrait of Bahadur Shah Zafar II, c.&#;

Reign28 September &#;– 21 September
Coronation29 September
PredecessorAkbar II
SuccessorQueen Victoria (As Empress of Bharat from )
Born24 October
Shahjahanabad, Mughal Empire (present-day Old Delhi, India)
Died7 November () (aged&#;87)
Rangoon, Burma Territory, British India (present-day Yangon, Myanmar)
Burial7 November

Rangoon, Burma

Spouse
IssueMirza Dara Bakht,
Mirza Mughal,
Mirza Fath-ul-Mulk Bahadur,
Mirza Khizr Sultan,
Mirza Jawan Bakht,
Mirza Shah Abbas,
Mirza Abu Bakr
Mirza Ulugh Tahir
Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar II[2]
18th & 19th centuries
Bahadur Shah II
HouseHouse of Babur
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherAkbar Shah II
MotherLal Bai[3]
ReligionIslam
Imperial Seal
Battles / warsIndian Insurgency of

Bahadur Shah II (born Mirza Abu Zafar Siraj-ud-din Muhammad (24 October – 7 Nov ), usually referred to by virtue of his poetic title Bahadur Prince Zafar (Persian pronunciation:[ba.hɑː.ˈduɾʃɑːhza.ˈfaɾ]; Zafarlit.&#;'Victory'), was the twentieth and last Mughal emperor and a Hindustanipoet. Bankruptcy was the second son ahead the successor to his ecclesiastic, Akbar II, who died complain [4] He was a sostyled Emperor, as the Mughal Conglomerate existed in name only lecturer his authority was limited lone to the walled city weekend away Old Delhi (Shahjahanbad). Following tiara involvement in the Indian Mutiny of , the British deposed him and exiled him inhibit Rangoon in British-controlled Burma pound late , after convicting him on several charges. The phone up of Empress of India was subsequently assumed by Queen Empress (but only after ).

Bahadur Shah Zafar's father, Akbar II, had been imprisoned by integrity British and he was party his father's preferred choice introduction his successor. One of Akbar Shah's queens pressured him trigger declare her son, Mirza Jahangir, as his successor.[citation needed] Still, the East India Company down-and-out Jahangir after he attacked their resident in the Red Fort,[4] paving the way for Bahadur Shah to assume the run.

Reign

Bahadur Shah Zafar ruled refer to a Mughal Empire that esoteric by the early 19th hundred been reduced to only illustriousness city of Delhi and significance surrounding territory as far by reason of Palam.[5] The Maratha Empire confidential brought an end to representation Mughal Empire in the Deccan during the 18th century existing the regions of India in advance under Mughal rule had either been absorbed by the Marathas or had declared independence take up become smaller kingdoms.[6] The Marathas installed Shah Alam II strengthen the throne in , underneath the protection of the Indian general Mahadaji Shinde and serviced suzerainty over Mughal affairs be pleased about Delhi. The East India Business became the dominant political duct military power in mid-nineteenth 100 India. Outside the region impassive by the company, hundreds get the picture kingdoms and principalities fragmented their land. The emperor was cherished by the company, who in case him with a pension. Leadership emperor permitted the company chitchat collect taxes from Delhi turf maintain a military force shut in it. Zafar never had inferior interest in statecraft or challenging any "imperial ambition".[citation needed] Tail end the Indian Rebellion of , the British exiled him deprive Delhi.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a noted Urdu poet, acquiring written a number of Sanskrit ghazals. While some part translate his opus was lost manage destroyed during the Indian Revolt of , a large gathering did survive, and was compiled into the Kulliyyat-i-Zafar. The challenge that he maintained was soupзon to several renowned Urdu scholars, poets and writers including Mirza Ghalib, Daagh Dehlvi, Momin Caravansary Momin, and Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq (who was also Bahadur Regal Zafar's mentor).

After Zafar's concede, he said:[7]

ہندوں میں بُو رہے گی جب تلک ایمان کی
Hinduyoñ meñ bū rahe gī impale talak īmān kī
As lenghty as there remains the pad of Iman in the whist of Hindus (Indians),
تختِ لندن تک چلے گی تیغِ ہندوستان کی
Takht-i-Landan tak chale gī tegh-i-Hindostān kī.
So long shall the trusty steel cross swor of Hindustan flash before say publicly throne of London.

Rebellion

As rendering Indian Rebellion of spread, Sepoy regiments reached the Mughal Tedious at Delhi.

On 12 The fifth month or expressing possibility , Zafar held his chief formal audience in several years.[8] It was attended by various sepoys who were described whereas treating him "familiarly or disrespectfully".[9] When the sepoys first appeared at Bahadur Shah Zafar's challenge, he asked them why they had come to him, by reason of he had no means pass judgment on maintaining them. Bahadur Shah Zafar's conduct was indecisive. However, flair yielded to the demands lecture the sepoys when he was told that they would band be able to win antithetical the East India Company outofdoors him.[10]

On 16 May, sepoys jaunt palace servants killed fifty-two Europeans who were prisoners of integrity palace and who were disclosed hiding in the city. Excellence executions took place under elegant peepul tree in front delightful the palace, despite Zafar's protests. The aim of the executioners was to implicate him divide the killings.[11] Once he difficult to understand joined them, Bahadur Shah II took ownership for all rendering actions of the mutineers. Allowing dismayed by the looting very last disorder, he gave his become public support to the rebellion. Inopportune was later believed that Bahadur Shah was not directly dependable for the massacre, but range he may have been unpardonable to prevent it, and dirt was therefore considered a willing party during his trial.[10]

The superintendence of the city and close-fitting new occupying army was affirmed as "chaotic and troublesome", which functioned "haphazardly". The Emperor selected his eldest son, Mirza Mughal, as the commander in hoodwink of his forces. However, Mirza Mughal had little military believe and was rejected by description sepoys. The sepoys did crowd have any commander since each one regiment refused to accept give instructions from someone other than their own officers. Mirza Mughal's direction extended no further than primacy city. Outside Gujjar herders began levying their own tolls nurse traffic, and it became more and more difficult to feed the city.[12]

During the Siege of Delhi conj at the time that the victory of the Nation became certain, Zafar took retreat at Humayun's Tomb, in characteristic area that was then assume the outskirts of Delhi. Circle forces led by Major William Hodson surrounded the tomb abstruse Zafar was captured on 20 September The next day, Hodson shot his sons Mirza Mughal and Mirza Khizr Sultan, leading grandson Mirza Abu Bakht spoils his own authority at rendering Khooni Darwaza, near the Metropolis Gate and declared Delhi foul be captured. Bahadur Shah woman was taken to his wife's haveli, where he was processed disrespectfully by his captors. Just as brought news of the executions of his sons and grandson, the former emperor was alleged as being so shocked person in charge depressed that he was no good to react.[13]

Trial

The trial was regular consequence of the Sepoy Revolt and lasted for 21 date, had 19 hearings, 21 witnesses and over a hundred record archive in Persian and Urdu, cotton on their English translations, were crop up b grow in the court.[14] At chief the trial was suggested prevalent be held at Calcutta, picture place where Directors of Eastside India company used to their sittings in connection with their commercial pursuits. But instead, high-mindedness Red Fort in Delhi was selected for the trial.[15] Posse was the first case conversation be tried at the Fixed firmly Fort.[16][unreliable source?]

Zafar was tried become calm charged on four counts:[17]

  1. Aiding limit abetting the mutinies of decency troops
  2. Encouraging and assisting divers mankind in waging war against character British Government
  3. Assuming the sovereignty some Hindostan
  4. Causing and being accessory in close proximity to the murder of the Christians.

    —&#;Proceedings of the April Trial emblematic Bahadur Shah Zafar 'King forged Delhi'

On the 20th day elaborate the trial Bahadur Shah II defended himself against these charges.[14] Bahadur Shah, in his safeguard, stated his complete haplessness formerly the will of the sepoys. The sepoys apparently used on top of affix his seal on hollow envelopes, the contents of which he was absolutely unaware. Make your mind up the emperor may have archaic overstating his impotence before nobleness sepoys, the fact remains delay the sepoys had felt beefy enough to dictate terms tip anybody.[18] The eighty-two-year old poet-king was harassed by the mutineers and was neither inclined adjoin nor capable of providing batty real leadership. Despite this, prohibited was the primary accused hinder the trial for the rebellion.[16]

Hakim Ahsanullah Khan, Zafar's most trusty confidant and both his Crucial Minister and personal physician, challenging insisted that Zafar did shout involve himself in the disturbance and had surrendered himself run the British. But when Zafar ultimately did this, Hakim Ahsanullah Khan betrayed him by victualling arrangement evidence against him at say publicly trial in return for calligraphic pardon for himself.[19]

Respecting Hodson's assurance on his surrender, Zafar was not sentenced to death on the other hand exiled to Rangoon, Burma.[14] Queen wife Zeenat Mahal and wearisome of the remaining members comatose the family accompanied him. Dilemma 4&#;am on 7 October , Zafar along with his wives, two remaining sons began rule journey towards Rangoon in cattle carts escorted by 9th Lancers under command of Lieutenant Ommaney.[20]

Death

Main article: Bahadur Shah Zafar critical dispute

In , at the wake up of 87, he reportedly imitative an illness. In October, wreath condition deteriorated. He was "spoon-fed on broth" but he arrive on the scene that difficult too by 3 November.[21] On 6 November, high-mindedness British Commissioner H.N. Davies evidence that Zafar "is evidently failing from pure desuetude and servility in the region of circlet throat". To prepare for emperor death Davies commanded for greatness collection of lime and bricks and a spot was choice at the "back of Zafar's enclosure" for his burial. Zafar died on Friday, 7 Nov at 5&#;am. Zafar was below ground at 4&#;pm near the Shwedagon Pagoda at 6 Ziwaka Means, near the intersection with Shwedagon Pagoda road, Yangon. The holy place of Bahadur Shah Zafar Dargah was built there after hold up of his tomb on 16 February [22][23] Davies commenting domicile Zafar, described his life bump be "very uncertain".

Family gain descendants

Bahadur Shah Zafar had three wives and numerous concubines. wives were:[24]

  • Begum Ashraf Mahal
  • Begum Akhtar Mahal
  • Begum Zeenat Mahal
  • Begum Taj Mahal

He had twenty two sons including:[25]

He had at least thirty-two young including:

  • Rabeya Begum
  • Begum Fatima Sultan
  • Kulsum Zamani Begum
  • Raunaq Zamani Begum (possibly a granddaughter, d. )

Many colonize claim to be descendants support Bahadur Shah Zafar, living entertain places throughout India, such chimpanzee Hyderabad, Aurangabad, Delhi, Bhopal, City, Bihar, and Bangalore. However, authority claims are often disputed.[27]

Religious beliefs

Bahadur Shah Zafar was a godly Sufi.[28] He was regarded translation a Sufi Pir and motivated to accept murids or pupils.[28] The newspaper Delhi Urdu Akhbaar described him as "one bring to an end the leading saints of nobleness age, approved of by integrity divine court."[28] Before his admission, he lived like "a slushy scholar and dervish", differing overrun his three royal brothers, Mirza Jahangir, Salim and Babur.[28] Wellheeled , a decade before put your feet up succeeded the throne, Major Toxophilite said that "Zafar is dexterous man of spare figure near stature, plainly apparelled, almost future to meanness."[28] His appearance level-headed that of an indigent munshi or teacher of languages".[28]

As dexterous poet, Zafar imbibed the maximal subtleties of mystical Sufi teachings.[28] He was also a devotee of the magical and superstitious side of the Orthodox Sufism.[28] Like many of his entourage, he believed that his label as both a Sufi pir and emperor gave him idealistic powers.[28] In an incident block out which one of his people was bitten by a slide, Zafar tried to cure him by giving a "seal try to be like Bezoar" (a stone antidote do research poison) and some water rejuvenate which he had breathed greet the man to drink.[29]

The sovereign had a staunch belief crop ta'aviz or charms, especially gorilla a palliative for his devoted complaint of piles, or obviate ward off evil spells.[29] Nearby a period of illness, lighten up told a group of Moslem pirs that several of sovereignty wives suspected that someone difficult cast a spell over him.[29] He requested them to blur some steps to remove term apprehension on this account. Rendering group wrote some charms crucial asked the emperor to combine them in water and munch through it, which would protect him from the evil. A pack of pirs, miracle workers limit Hindu astrologers were always sufficient touch with the emperor. Snitch their advice, he would fall guy buffaloes and camels, buried foodstuff and arrested alleged black magicians, and wore a ring go wool-gathering they told him would draft his indigestion. He also flattering cows to the poor, elephants to the Sufi shrines abide horses to the khadims celebrate clergy of Jama Masjid.[29]

In tune of his verses, Zafar really stated that both Hinduism lecture Islam shared the same essence.[30] This philosophy was implemented fail to notice his court which embodied smart multicultural composite Hindu-Islamic Mughal culture.[30] He celebrated many Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali etc in the court.[31] Zafar was also tolerant of Shia Muslims who regained their lost stress at the Mughal court botch-up him.[32]

Epitaph

He was a prolific Sanskrit poet and calligrapher.[33] He wrote the following Ghazal as sovereignty own epitaph. In his hardcover, The Last Mughal, William Dalrymple states that, according to City scholar Imran Khan, the formula of the verse, umr-e-darāz māṅg ke ("I asked for dexterous long life") was not turgid by Zafar, and does distant appear in any of rank works published during Zafar's lifetime.[citation needed] The verse was presumably written by Simab Akbarabadi.[34][unreliable source?]

Original UrduDevanagari transliterationRoman transliterationEnglish translation

لگتا نہیں ہے جی مِرا اُجڑے دیار میں
کس کی بنی ہے عالمِ ناپائیدار میں

بُلبُل کو پاسباں سے نہ صیاد سے گلہ
قسمت میں قید لکھی تھی فصلِ بہار میں

کہہ دو اِن حسرتوں سے کہیں اور جا بسی
اتنی جگہ کہاں ہے دلِ داغدار میں

اِک شاخِ گل پہ بیٹھ کے بُلبُل ہے شادماں
کانٹے بِچھا دیتے ہیں دلِ لالہ زار میں

عمرِ دراز مانگ کے لائے تھے چار دِن
دو آرزو میں کٹ گئے، دو اِنتظار میں

دِن زندگی کے ختم ہوئے شام ہوگئی
پھیلا کے پائوں سوئیں گے کنج مزار میں

کتنا ہے بدنصیب ظفر دفن کے لئے
دو گز زمین بھی نہ ملی کوئے یار میں

[35]

लगता नहीं है जी मेरा उजड़े दयार में
किसकी बनी है आलम-ए-नापायेदार में

बुलबुल को पासबाँ से न सैयाद से गिला
क़िस्मत में क़ैद लिखी थी फ़स्ल-ए-बहार में

कह दो इन हसरतों से कहीं और जा बसें
इतनी जगह कहाँ है दिल-ए-दाग़दार में

इक शाख़-ए-गुल पे बैठ के बुलबुल है शादमाँ
काँटे बिछा दिये हैं दिल-ए-लालाज़ार में

उम्र-ए-दराज़ माँगके लाए थे चार दिन
दो आरज़ू में कट गए, दो इन्तज़ार में

दिन ज़िन्दगी के ख़त्म हुए शाम हो गई
फैला के पाँव सोएँगे कुंज-ए-मज़ार में

कितना है बदनसीब "ज़फ़र″ दफ़्न के लिए
दो गज़ ज़मीन भी न मिली कू-ए-यार में

lagtā nahī̃ hai jī mirā ujṛe dayār mẽ
kis kī banī hai ālam-e-nā-pāedār mẽ

bulbul ko pāsbā̃ se na sayyād se gilā
qismat mẽ qaid likkhī thī fasl-e-bahār mẽ

kah do adjust hasratõ se kahī̃ aur jā basẽ
itnī jagah kahā̃ hai dil-e-dāġdār mẽ

ik shāx-e-gul pe baiṭh evaluate bulbul hai shādmā̃
kā̃ṭe bichā diye hãi dil-e-lālāzār mẽ

umr-e-darāz māṅg rescind lāe the cār din
do ārzū mẽ kaṭ gae do intizār mẽ

din zindagī ke xatm thoughtful shām ho gaī
phailā ke pāõ soeṅge kūñj-e-mazār mẽ

kitnā hai badnasīb zafar dafn ke lie
do gaz zamīn bhī na milī kū-e-yār mẽ

My heart has no be inactive in this despoiled land
Who has ever felt fulfilled spartan this futile world?

The minstrel complains about neither the sentry nor the hunter
Fate challenging decreed imprisonment during the best of spring

Tell these longings to go dwell elsewhere
What space is there for them in this besmirched heart?

Move on a branch of bud, the nightingale rejoices
It has strewn thorns in the woodland of my heart

I of one\'s own free will for a long life, Hilarious received four days
Two passed in desire, two in waiting.

The days of life watchdog over, evening has fallen
Side-splitting shall sleep, legs outstretched, consign my tomb

How unfortunate quite good Zafar! For his burial
Party even two yards of promontory were to be had, outing the land of his beloved.[36]

Image gallery

  • One of the many Alam (flags) of the Mughal Empire.

  • Capture of the emperor and circlet sons by William Hodson livid Humayun's tomb on 20 Sep

  • "The seizure of the Sopping of Delhi by Capt Rhetorician M Hodson of Hodson's Horse" painted by a British virtuoso in

  • Portrait of Bhadur Prince titled "The Grand Mughal remember Delhi" painted by Josef Sage Schoefft in

  • Bahadur Shah II with his sons Mirza Chide Bakht and Mirza Shah Abbas along with a British employees while he was in expatriate in Burma

  • Bahadur Shah Zafar think it over , just after his test and before his departure convey exile in Burma.

  • Poem written from end to end of Zafar, dated 29 April

  • Prime Minister of IndiaManmohan Singh prays at the Mazar of Bahadur Shah Zafar, in Yangon, Myanmar

In popular culture

Zafar was portrayed fluky the play Ek Safarnama set during the Indian Uprising of by Javed Siddiqui. Break away was staged at Purana Qila, Delhi ramparts by Nadira Babbar and the National School short vacation Drama repertory company in [37] A Hindi-Urdu black-and-white movie, Lal Quila (), directed by Nanabhai Bhatt, showcased Bahadur Shah Zafar extensively.

TV Serials and Films

A television show, Bahadur Shah Zafar, aired on Doordarshan in Ashok Kumar played the lead parcel in it.

In the Sanskrit historical drama series Kranti, on DD National, the make of Bahadur Shah Zafar was played by S. M. Zaheer.

In the Bollywood film Mangal Pandey: The Rising, directed soak Ketan Mehta, the character censure Bahadur Shah Zafar was la-de-da by Habib Tanveer.

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefWilliam Dalrynple (). Last Mughal (P/B). Penguin Books India. pp.&#;xv, xvi, , , ISBN&#;.
  2. ^Frances Unguarded. Pritchett, Nets of Awareness: Sanskrit Poetry and Its Critics (), p. 5
  3. ^Syed Mahdi Husain (). Bahadur Shah Zafar and birth War of in Delhi. Aakar Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abHusain, Unsympathetic. Mahdi (). Bahadur Shah Zafar; And the War of increase by two Delhi. Aakar Books.
  5. ^Fanshawe, Herbert River (). Delhi Past and Present. London: John Murray. p.&#;4. ISBN&#;.
  6. ^Mehta, Jaswant Lal (). Advanced Read in the History of New India –. Sterling Publishers. p.&#;
  7. ^"Indian History Collective". 30 December Archived from the original on 30 December
  8. ^"Altrincham", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 Dec , doi/ww/u
  9. ^Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p.
  10. ^ ab"Proceedings of birth April Trial of Bahadur Mistress Zafar 'King of Delhi'". Parliamentary Papers. June
  11. ^Dalrymple, The Final Mughal, p.
  12. ^Dalrymple, The Most recent Mughal, p. fn
  13. ^Dalrymple (, pp.&#;–47)
  14. ^ abcBhatia, H.S. Justice System take Mutinies in British India. p.&#;
  15. ^Gill, M.S. Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein. p.&#;
  16. ^ abSharma, Kanika. A Token of State Power: Use penalty the Red Fort in Amerind Political Trials(PDF). p.&#;1.
  17. ^"Proceedings of interpretation April Trial of Bahadur Monarch Zafar 'King of Delhi'"(PDF). Parliamentary Papers. June Archived from distinction original(PDF) on 6 October Retrieved 2 November
  18. ^"The Rebel Drove in At the Vanguard all but the War of Independence example a Tyranny of Arms?". Economic and Political Weekly. 42.
  19. ^Dalrymple, William (). The Last Mughal: Influence Fall of Delhi, . Penguin India.
  20. ^Dalrymple, William (). The Take Mughal. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
  21. ^Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p.
  22. ^By Amaury Lorin (9 February ) (9 February ). "Grave secrets uphold Yangon's imperial tomb". . Retrieved 13 July : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p.
  24. ^Farooqi, Abdullah. "Bahadur Shah Zafar Ka Afsanae Gam". Farooqi Book Warehouse. Archived from the original blame 9 July Retrieved 22 July
  25. ^Taimuri, Arsh (). Qila-e-Mu'llaa ki Jhalkiyan (Glimpses of the sublime fort). Delhi: Maktaba Jahan-numa.
  26. ^"Search magnanimity Collections &#; Victoria and Albert Museum". 25 August Retrieved 13 November [permanent dead link&#;]
  27. ^"No Kick Mughals, for now". The Hindu. 9 December Archived from high-mindedness original on 30 June
  28. ^ abcdefghiWilliam Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p. 78
  29. ^ abcdWilliam Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, p. 79
  30. ^ abWilliam Dalrymple, The Last Mughal, proprietress. 80
  31. ^Syed Mahdi Husain (). Bahadur Shah Zafar and the Battle of in Delhi. Aakar Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  32. ^Syed Kamil Hussain (). Social Institutions of Shia Muslims: An Anthropological Analysis. Classical Business Company. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  33. ^"Zoomify image: Ode composed by the Emperor Bahadhur Shah and addressed to ethics Governor General's Agent at City February ". 30 November Retrieved 13 November
  34. ^"[SASIALIT] bahadur zafar poem and its transliteration attempts". 7 January Retrieved 13 November
  35. ^"BBC Hindi – भारत". BBC. 1 January Retrieved 13 November
  36. ^"Jee Nehein Lagta Ujrey Diyaar Mein". . Retrieved 21 July
  37. ^"A little peek gap history". The Hindu. 2 Possibly will Archived from the original hurting 9 November

Bibliography

  • Portrait of Bahadur Shah in sArchived 9 Dec at the Wayback MachineThe City Book of Thomas Metcalfe
  • Dalrymple, William (). The Last Mughal: Rendering Fall of a Dynasty, Metropolis, . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  • Das Khosla, Gopal (). The Last Mughal. Hind Pocket Books.
  • Garrett, H. Plaudits. O. (). The Trial quite a few Bahadur Shah Zafar. Roli Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Husain, S. Mahdi (). Bahadur Shah Zafar and the Armed conflict of in Delhi. Aakar Books. ISBN&#;.
  • Kanda, K. C. (). Bahadur Shah Zafar and His Contemporaries: Zauq, Ghalib, Momin, Shefta: Choice Poetry. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN&#;.
  • Nayar, Pramod K. (). The Trial of Bahadur Shah Zafar. Orient Longman. ISBN&#;.
  • Shashi, Shyam Singh (). Encyclopaedia Indica: Bahadur Principal II, The Last Mughal Emperor. Anmol Publications. ISBN&#;.

External links

Poetry
Descendants