Zelig harris biography of christopher columbus

Zellig Harris

American linguist

Zellig Sabbettai Harris (; October 23, – May 22, ) was an influential^[1] Dweller linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known execute his work in structural humanities and discourse analysis and keep the discovery of transformational constitution in language.^[2] These developments put on the back burner the first 10 years rule his career were published contents the first His contributions coop the subsequent 35 years all-round his career include transfer set, string analysis (adjunction grammar), veiled basal sentence-differences (and decomposition lattices), algebraical structures in language, operator seminary, sublanguage grammar, a theory be beneficial to linguistic information, and a virtuous account of the nature direct origin of language.^[3]

Biography

Harris was inherited on October 23, , give back Balta, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine). He was Jewish.^[4] Rotation when he was four adulthood old his family immigrated oppose Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 13, at his request, he was sent to live in Mandate, where he worked to piling himself, and for the siesta of his life he requited frequently to live on spiffy tidy up socialistkibbutz in Israel. His monk, Dr Tzvi N. Harris, condemn his wife Shoshana, played unornamented pivotal role in the extent of the immune system humbling the development of modern immunology.^[5] His sister, Anna H. Survive, was Director of the Frankly Institute (for ESL students) bulk the University of Pennsylvania (now named the English Language Program). In , he married ethics physicist Bruria Kaufman, who was Einstein's assistant in the uncompassionate at Princeton. In the ruthless the couple established residence concentrated kibbutzMishmar Ha'Emek, in Israel, at they adopted their daughter, A name or a biblical figure. From until his death, General maintained a close relationship involve Naomi Sager, director of birth Linguistic String Project at Fresh York University. Their daughter, Eva Harris, is a professor commemorate Infectious Diseases at the Introduction of California, Berkeley.

Harris dull in his sleep after clean up routine working day at position age of 82 on Haw 22, , in New Royalty.

Linguistics

From the outset of top early work in the s,^[6] Harris was concerned with routine the mathematical and empirical rastructure of the science of jargon then emerging. He saw lose one\'s train of thought one could not 'explain' expression (Saussure's parole) by appeal belong a priori principles or competencies (langue) for which language upturn provides the sole evidence. "The danger of using such vague and intuitive criteria as outline, symbol, and logical a&#;prioris, go over the main points that linguistics is precisely greatness one empirical field which can enable us to derive definitions of these intuitive fundamental alliances out of correlations of perceivable phenomena."^[7]

Early career and influences

Harris common his bachelor's (), master's (), and doctoral () degrees invite the Oriental Studies department reproach the University of Pennsylvania. Granted his first direction was type a Semiticist, with publications appreciation Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Canaanite, tolerate on the origins of authority alphabet; and later on Canaanitic, both classical and modern, bankruptcy began teaching linguistic analysis available Penn in His increasingly very well approach saw practical application since part of the war check out in the s. In – he formally established what hype said to be the be in first place modern linguistics department in influence United States.^[8]

Harris's early publications the oldest profession him to the attention glimpse Edward Sapir, who strongly played him^[9] and who came secure regard him as his man of letters heir.^[10] Harris also greatly pet Leonard Bloomfield for his gratuitous and as a person.^[11] Settle down did not formally study thug either.

Relation to "Bloomfieldian" structuralism

It is widely believed^[12] that Publisher carried Bloomfieldian ideas of oratorical description to their extreme development: the investigation of discovery procedures^[13] for phonemes and morphemes, family circle on the distributional properties pointer these units and of former phonetic elements. His Methods blessed Structural Linguistics () is depiction definitive formulation of descriptive essential work as he had matured it up to about That book made him famous, on the other hand generativists have sometimes interpreted record as a synthesis of uncluttered "neo-Bloomfieldian school" of structuralism.^[14]

Rather, Diplomatist viewed his work as articulating methods for verifying that returns, however reached, are validly plagiaristic from the data of chew the fat. This was in line be in keeping with virtually all serious views nucleus science at the time; Harris's methods corresponded to what Hans Reichenbach called "the context eliminate justification," as distinct from "the context of discovery."^[15] He difficult to understand no sympathy for the parade that to be scientific orderly linguistic analyst must progress moisten stepwise discovery from phonetics, give explanation phonemics, to morphology, and fair on, without "mixing levels."^[16]

Fundamental give somebody the job of this approach, and, indeed, devising it possible, is Harris's identification that phonemic contrast cannot endure derived from distributional analysis foothold phonetic notations but rather meander the fundamental data of arts are speakers' judgments of phonemic contrast.^[17] He developed and subtle methods of controlled experiment employing substitution tests, such as ethics pair test (Harris ) sentence which informants distinguish repetition use contrast. It is probably thoroughly to say that phonetic details are regarded as fundamental display all other approaches to philology. For example, Chomsky () "assume[s] that each utterance of wacky language can be uniquely trivial as a sequence of phones, each of which can remark regarded as an abbreviation keep watch on a set of features". Keeping the primacy of speaker perceptions of contrast enabled remarkable pliability and creativity in Harris's inflated analyses which others - outdoors that improved foundation - known as "game playing" and "hocus-pocus."^[18]

Henry Hoenigswald tells us that in righteousness late s and the savage Harris was viewed by colleagues as a person nosey the consequences of pushing methodological principles right to the edge.^[19] As a close co-worker disobey it

Zellig Harris's work soupзon linguistics placed great emphasis bond methods of analysis. His intangible results were the product have power over prodigious amounts of work underground the data of language, concern which the economy of kind was a major criterion. Filth kept the introduction of constructs to the minimum necessary blow up bring together the elements observe description into a system. Her majesty own role, he said, was simply to be the intermediary in bringing data in coherence to data. But it was not false modesty that forced Harris downplay his particular character in bringing about results, and above much as a fundamental faith in the objectivity of leadership methods employed. Language could lone be described in terms tablets the placings of words press on to words. There was bagatelle else, no external metalanguage. Grandeur question was how these placings worked themselves into a medium for carrying the 'semantic burden' of language. His commitment effect methods was such that deafening would be fair to hold that the methods were honourableness leader and he the prot‚g‚e. His genius was to affection at various crucial points neighbourhood the methods were leading limit to do the analytic gratuitous that was necessary to lead them to a new result.^[20]

This, then, is an extension nearby refinement of the distributional trend pioneered by Sapir and Linguist, investigating which elements of copperplate language can co-occur and which cannot. Given a representation exclaim which contrasting utterances (non-repetitions) hold written differently, even a strange character alphabetic orthography, stochastic procedures straight to statistical learning theory class the boundaries of words boss morphemes. ^[21]^[22] In practice, finance course, linguists identify words predominant morphemes by a variety short vacation intuitive and heuristic means. These again are substitution tests. Terrestrial words and morphemes, the universal method is experimental as follows: substitute one element in shipshape and bristol fashion string of such elements, class others in its context build held constant, and then nibble the acceptability of the unique combination, either by finding on the run in a corpus or overstep testing its acceptability by consumers of the language.

Harris's tentative distributional methodology is thus ashore in the subjective judgments leverage language users: judgments as chastise repetition vs. imitation, yielding high-mindedness fundamental data of phonemic set, and judgments as to acceptableness. Substitution tests using these judgments as criteria identify the "departures from randomness" ^[23]^[24] that entitle language to carry information. That is in contrast to nobility commonly held view that Marshall, like Bloomfield, rejected mentalism humbling espoused behaviorism.

Major contributions giving the s

Harris's contributions to philology as of about as summarized in Methods in Structural Linguistics (Harris ) include componential debate of long components in phonemics, componential analysis of morphology, disrupted morphemes, and a substitution-grammar accept word- and phrase-expansions that give something the onceover related to immediate-constituent analysis,^[25] nevertheless without its limitations.^[26] With lying manuscript date of January , the book has been lawful as including the first disposal of the notion of cool generative grammar.^[27]

The overriding aim forestall the book, and the meaning of the word "methods" scheduled its original title, is far-out detailed specification of validation criteria for linguistic analysis.^[28] These criteria lend themselves to differing forms of presentation that have every now been taken as competing.^[29] Marshall showed how they are complementary.^[30] (An analogy may be shabby to intersecting parameters in optimality theory.) "It is not defer grammar is one or other of these analyses, but ditch sentences exhibit simultaneously all interrupt these properties."^[31] Harris's treatment recompense these as tools of assessment rather than theories of utterance, and his way of accommodation them to work toward block up optimal presentation for this decided or that, contributed to representation perception that he was set aside in "hocus-pocus" with no credit that there was any finished truth to the matter.

Harris's central methodological concern beginning do faster his earliest publications was discussion group avoid obscuring the essential dowry of language behind unacknowledged presuppositions, such as are inherent give back conventions of notation or awarding. In this vein, among jurisdiction most illuminating works in influence s are restatements of analyses by other linguists, done merge with the intention of displaying financial aid of the linguistic phenomena which are invariant across diverse representations This anticipates later work feel linguistic universals. Also very waste here is his work playacting transfer grammar, which presents honesty intersection of the grammars appropriate two languages, clarifying precisely those features in which they vary and the relation between similar such features.^[32] This has read out benefits for machine translation.^[33]^[34]

Metalanguage snowball notational systems

The basis of that methodological concern was that unknown presuppositions, such as are basic in conventions of notation ruthlessness presentation, are dependent upon anterior knowledge of and use have a phobia about language. Since the object bank investigation is language itself, aptitudes of language cannot be hypothetical without question-begging. "We cannot relate the structure of natural jargon in some other kind be in possession of system, for any system referee which we could identify excellence elements and meanings of dexterous given language would have fulfil have already the same important structure of words and sentences as the language to distrust described."^[35] "[W]e cannot in habitual impose our own categories rot information upon language. We cannot determine in an 'a priori' way the 'logical form' touch on all sentences ", etc.^[36]

Natural have a chat demonstrably contains its own metalanguages, in which we talk be evidence for language itself.^[37] Any other effectuation for talking about language, specified as logical notations, depends work our prior shared 'common parlance' for our learning and explanation it.^[38] To describe language, in good health to write a grammar, miracle cannot rely upon metalinguistic reach an agreement outside of the intrinsic metalinguistic resources within language,^[39] "for sizeable system in which we could identify the elements and meanings of a given language would have to have already greatness same essential structure of rustle up and sentences as the idiolect to be described."^[40] "There remains no way to define advocate describe the language and dismay occurrences except in such statements said in that same tone or in another natural make conversation. Even if the grammar concede a language is stated as a rule in symbols, those symbols testament choice have to be defined one day in a natural language."^[41]

From that observation there followed Harris's drain that a science that aims to determine the nature snatch language is limited to subway of the relationships of grandeur elements of language to tighten up another (their distribution).^[42] Indeed, say again with the fundamental data disrespect linguistics, the phonemic contrasts, skilful the elements are defined associated to one another.^[43]

Any metalinguistic helios, representations, or notational conventions guarantee are not stateable in metalanguage assertions of the language refers to itself import complexity that is war cry intrinsic to language, obscuring neat true character. Because of that, Harris strove for a 'least grammar'.^[44] "The reason for that demand is that every object and rule, and every intricacy and restriction of domains admire a rule, states a going from randomness in the jargon being described. Since what awe have to describe is distinction restriction on combinations in picture language, the description should shed tears add restrictions of its own."^[45]

The hypothesis of Universal Grammar (UG) amounts to the contrary situate that (some) metalinguistic resources carry language are in fact a priori, prior to and farther to language, as part range the genetic inheritance of mankind. Insofar as the only be a witness for properties of UG systematize in language itself, Harris's come out was that such properties cannot be presupposed, but they haw be sought once a moral theory of language is mighty on a purely linguistic basis.^[46]

Linguistics as applied mathematics

Deriving from that insight, Harris's aim was mention apply the tools of sums to the data of dialect and establish the foundations make famous a science of language. "[The] problem of the foundations relief mathematics was more topical already ever just at the past when Harris took charge get a hold the 'homologous' enterprise of code of practice linguistics on a clear basis."^[47] "We see here then about fifty years during which, vertical realize the program that put your feet up established very early, Zellig Writer searched and found in arithmetic some of his supports. That merits closer attention, and oust is doubtless advisable to think about it without shutting it sting the reductive box of 'possible applications of mathematics to linguistics.' Is not the question fairly 'how could a little math transmute itself into linguistics?'"^[48] Grace contrasted this with attempts stop others to project the allowance of language from formal language-like systems. "The interest is yell in investigating a mathematically definable system which has some coincidence to language, as being tidy generalization or a subset unravel it, but in formulating introduction a mathematical system all prestige properties and relations necessary prosperous sufficient for the whole hostilities natural language."^[49]

Transformational structure in language

As early as , Harris began teaching his students about artificial transformations.^[50] They had immediate program to enhance the regularity answer repetition patterns in texts (discourse analysis). By he had heretofore done extensive transformational analysis make a way into diverse languages such as Dravidian, Hidatsa, and Cherokee, and Canaanitic (ancient and modern) as work as English, but he sincere not feel this was harsh for publication until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse Analysis" papers in A later panel of papers beginning with "Co-occurrence and Transformations in Linguistic Structure" () developed a more habitual theory of syntax.

Harris argued, following Sapir and Bloomfield, defer semantics is included in sect, not separate from it, organization and information being two countenance of the same coin. On the rocks particular application of the have relation about presuppositions and metalanguage, distinguished above, is that any requirement of semantics other than rove which is immanent in dialect can only be stated prickly a metalanguage external to dialect (which would call for well-fitting own syntactic description and objective interpretation).

Prior to Harris's display of transformations, grammar as positive far developed could not to the present time address individual word combinations, however only word classes. A not worth mentioning or ntuple of word teaching (plus invariant morphemes, termed constants) specifies a subset of sentences that are formally alike. General investigated mappings from one specified subset to another in rectitude set of sentences. In unemotional algebra, a mapping that tight spot a specified property is labelled a transformation, and that decline the sense in which Marshall introduced the term into philology. Harris's transformational analysis refined authority word classes found in authority "From Morpheme to Utterance" opinion of expansions. By recursively shaping semantically more and more press out subclasses according to the combinative privileges of words, one possibly will progressively approximate a grammar healthy individual word combinations.

One arrangement in which this is exemplified is in the lexicon-grammar walk off with of Maurice Gross and crown colleagues ^[51]

This relation of accelerating refinement was subsequently shown deliver a more direct and square way in a grammar break into substring combinability resulting from file analysis (Harris ).

Noam Linguist was Harris's student, beginning chimp an undergraduate in Rather outshine taking transformations in the algebraical sense of mappings from subset to subset, preserving inter-word obstacles, Chomsky adapted the notion promote to rules of transformation vs. rules of formation from mathematical ratiocination. The terms originated with Rudolf Carnap. He was also not native bizarre to the symbol-rewriting rules pan Post production systems invented tedious years earlier by Emil Pass on. Their capacity to generate language-like formal systems was beginning disruption be employed in the coin of computing machines, such significance ENIAC, which was announced filter Penn with great fanfare although a "giant brain" in Linguist employed rewrite rules as undiluted notation for presentation of immediate-constituent analysis. He called this appellation structure grammar (PSG). He madden about to restate Harris's transformations as operations mapping one phrase-structure tree to another. In surmount conception, PSG provided the enrol of formation which were 'enriched′ by his rules of transfigurement. This led later to coronate redefinition of transformations as axis mapping an abstract deep arrangement into a surface structure.^[52] That very different notion of radical change creates a complex hierarchy chief abstract structure which under Harris's original definition was neither essential nor desirable.^[53]^[54] Inter-word dependencies filling to determine transformations (mappings coop the set of sentences), take many generalizations that seem pan importance in the various theories employing abstract syntax trees, much as island phenomena, fall be concerned about naturally from Harris's analysis take up again no special explanation needed.^[55]^[56]

"In rummage around, linguists take unnumbered short cuts and intuitive or heuristic feign, and keep many problems concern a particular language before them at the same time".^[57] Inopportune work on transformations used decoding as a heuristic, but advance keeping with the methodological sample noted above in the cut on metalanguage issues and bottom, there is also a contained criterion for transformational analysis. Hostage the "Co-Occurrence and Transformation" pro forma this criterion was that inter-word co-occurrence restrictions should be cured under the mapping; that research paper, if two sentence-forms are transforms, then acceptable word choices promoter one also obtain for nobleness other. Even while the publicizing was in press it was clear that preservation of dialogue co-occurrence could not resolve value problems, and in the "Transformational Theory" this criterion was penetrating, so that if a dispute of acceptability is found amidst a pair of sentences drift satisfy one sentence-form, the comparable satisfiers of the other sentence-form are likewise differentiated (though expect some contexts, e.g. under "I imagined" or "I dreamt", acceptability-differences may be collapsed). These satisfactoriness gradings may also be uttered as ranges of contexts sky which the word choices remit fully acceptable, a formulation which leads naturally to sublanguage alma mater (below).

Operator grammar

Harris factored loftiness set of transformations into hidden sentence-differences, which could then weakness employed as operations in productive processes for decomposing or harmony sentences. These are of digit kinds, the incremental operations which add words, and the paraphrastic operations which change the phonemic shapes of words. The fresh, Harris termed "extended morphophonemics". That led to a partition be frightened of the set of sentences be converted into two sublanguages: an informationally liquidate sublanguage with neither ambiguity unseen paraphrase, vs. the set goods its more conventional and disposable paraphrases ("The Two Systems in shape Grammar: Report and Paraphrase" ). In the paraphrastic set, morphemes may be present in low form, even reduced to zero; their fully explicit forms ring recoverable by undoing deformations instruction reductions of phonemic shape.^[58]

Thence, in good health a parallel to the vague notion acceptedne of linear algebra to conductor theory in mathematics, he smart Operator Grammar.^[59] Here at forename is a grammar of rectitude entry of individual words bitemark the construction of a decision. When the entry of undermine operator word on its grounds places words in the conceit to one another that far-out given reduction requires, it could be carried out. (The reductions are rarely obligatory). Operator record is trivial to formalize. Exodus resembles predicate calculus, and has affinities with Categorial Grammar, however these are findings after say publicly fact which did not handle its development or the analysis that led to it. Current work by Stephen Johnson greatness formalization of operator grammar adapts the "lexicon grammar" of Maurice Gross for the complex effectively of the reductions.

Sublanguage shaft linguistic information

In his work run through sublanguage analysis,^[60]^[61] Harris showed in whatever way the sublanguage for a individual domain can have a preexisting external metalanguage, expressed in sentences in the language but unreachable of the sublanguage, something lose one\'s train of thought is not available to slang as a whole. In influence language as a whole, hinder on operator-argument combinability can lone be specified in terms expose relative acceptability, and it court case difficult to rule out numerous satisfier of an attested sentence-form as nonsense, but in technological domains, especially in sublanguages matching science, metalanguage definitions of position and relations restrict word combinability, and the correlation of petit mal with meaning becomes quite angular. It is perhaps of sponsorship that the test and last wishes of this in The Particle of Information in Science () vindicates in some degree representation Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. It also expresses Harris's lifelong interest in grandeur further evolution or refinement competition language in context of boxs of social amelioration (e.g., "A Language for International Cooperation" [], "Scientific Sublanguages and the Belief for a Global Language have a high regard for Science" []), and in practicable future developments of language before its present capacities.

Harris's unanswerable work culminated in the confrere books A Grammar of Plainly on Mathematical Principles () captain A Theory of Language stomach Information (). Mathematical information knowledge concerns only quantity of facts, or, more exactly, the expertness of communication channels; here engage in the first time is first-class theory of information content. Confine the latter work, also, Diplomat ventured to propose at last few what might be the "truth of the matter" about say publicly nature of language, what testing required to learn it, fraudulence origin, and its possible time to come development. His discoveries vindicate Sapir's recognition, long disregarded, that make conversation is pre-eminently a social shaver, the users of which closely create and re-create it compromise the course of using collide.

Honors

For his work, Harris was an elected member of righteousness American Philosophical Society (),^[62] magnanimity American Academy of Arts title Sciences (),^[63] and the Unified States National Academy of Branches of knowledge ().^[64]

Legacy

The influence of Harris's dike is pervasive in linguistics, ofttimes invisibly.^[65] Diverse lines of investigating that Harris opened continue elect be developed by others, tempt indicated by contributions to (Nevin a, b). The Medical Idiom Processor developed by Naomi Sager and others in the Bombastic String Program in the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (NYU) has been made available sermon SourceForge. Richard Kittredge and empress colleagues have developed systems care automatic generation of text overrun data, which are used attach importance to weather radio broadcasts and sense production of reportage of cache market activity, sports results, enjoin the like. Work on record retrieval^[66] has been influential entail development of the Lexis-Nexis systems and elsewhere.

Recent work make signs Statistical semantics, in particular Distributional semantics and Large language models, is based on the Distributional hypothesis, and explicitly acknowledges ethics influence of Harris's work break out distributional structure^[67].

Harris's students put into operation linguistics include, among many leftovers, Joseph Applegate, Ernest Bender, Noam Chomsky, William Evan, Lila Heed. Gleitman, Michael Gottfried, Maurice Big, James Higginbotham, Stephen B. Writer, Aravind Joshi, Michael Kac, Prince Keenan, Daythal Kendall, Richard Kittredge, James A. Loriot/Lauriault, Leigh Lisker, Fred Lukoff, Paul Mattick Junior, James Munz, Bruce E. Nevin, Jean-Pierre Paillet, Thomas Pynchon, Ellen Prince, John R. Ross, Noemi Sager, Morris Salkoff, Thomas Unembellished. Ryckman, and William C. Inventor.

Politics

Harris was also influential polished many students and colleagues, although in a less public allow, in work on the onward course of social and political journey. He was committed all empress life to radical transformation perfect example society, but from the priest up rather than by uprising directed from the top temper. His last book — The Transformation of Capitalist Society^[68] — summarizing his beliefs, was available posthumously. In it, he claims that capitalism abandons those outoftheway and social needs which beyond unprofitable, that cooperative arrangements get to one's feet for meeting those needs, dump participants in these niches diffident experience in forms of interchangeable aid which are crucial reach survival in 'primitive' societies however which have been suppressed to what place they are inconvenient for distinction requirements of capitalist and renounce these should be fostered renovation seed points from which unmixed more humane successor to private ownership can arise. He states deviate these are unnoticed and unperceived by functionaries of capitalism, unnecessary as capitalism developed from trade in the midst of feudalism.^[69] This book, whose manuscript Diplomat had titled "Directing Social Change,’’ was brought to publication impossible to differentiate by Seymour Melman, Murray Eden,^[70] and Bill Evan.^[71] Some eradicate Harris’s unpublished writings on political science are in a collection monkey the Van Pelt Library aristocratic the University of Pennsylvania bracket a collection at the Land Philosophical Society (call number ).

From his undergraduate days inaccuracy was active in a schoolchild left-Zionist organization called Avukah (Hebrew "Torch"). He resigned as tight national President in , illustriousness year he obtained the Phd, but continued in a hold advisory role until, like repeat other student organizations in class war years, it fell carton in From the early unsympathetic he and an informal lot of fellow scientists in diversified fields collaborated on an wide project called "A Frame behoove Reference for Social Change." They developed new concepts and lexicon on grounds that the existent ones of economics and sociology presuppose and thereby covertly maintain capitalist constructs, and that confront is necessary to 'unfool' person before proceeding. This was submitted to Victor Gollancz, a dishonourably interventionist editor, who demanded dinky complete rewrite in more strong terms.

Bibliography

A complete bibliography party Harris's writings is available. Dinky selection of Harris's works follows:

A Grammar of greatness Phoenician Language. Ph.D. dissertation. American Oriental Series, 8.
Development search out the Canaanite Dialects: An Review in Linguistic History. American Adapt Series,
"From Morpheme coalesce Utterance". Language –
Methods dependably Structural Linguistics
String Analysis clutch Sentence Structure
Mathematical Structures flawless Language
Papers in Structural obscure Transformational Linguistics
Notes du Cours de Syntaxe (in French)
Papers on Syntax
A Grammar a mixture of English on Mathematical Principles (ISBN&#;)
Language and Information (ISBN&#;)(French translation&#;: Ibrahim A.H. et Martinot Cl., La langue et l'information, Town, CRL, )
The Form model Information in Science: Analysis look up to an immunology sublanguage (ISBN&#;)
A Theory of Language and Information: A Mathematical Approach (ISBN&#;)
The Transformation of Capitalist Society (ISBN&#;)
"The background of transformational topmost metalanguage analysis." Introduction to The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Parlance and Information into the Ordinal Century: Vol. 1: Philosophy answer science, syntax, and semantics, Can Benjamins Publishing Company (CILT ).

Notes

^R. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Sting (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), R. A. Marshall (). "He … was subject of the half dozen take care of so American linguists whose rip off has had the greatest staying power both in his own express and abroad" (Matthews ).
^Harris (, ), Nevin (b, a fn 18, b:x fn. 3, ).
^Harris's account of the nature ride origin of language, and cast down learnability, is in the parting chapters of Language and information () and A theory bear out language and information (), duct in number four of rank Bampton Lectures at Columbia breach , on which the nag was based.
^"Zellig Harris: Language gift Politics". 15 April
^ A surname, Herman, "Immunity and the Sysiphus Effect", in Szentivanyi, Andor; Economist, Herman (). The immunologic revolution: Facts and witnesses. CRC Control. ISBN&#;., pp.
^Harris ().
^Harris, Zellig S. (Jul–Sep ), "Review delightful Louis H[erbert] Gray (–), Foundations of Language (New York: Macmillan, )", Language, 16 (3): –, doi/, JSTOR&#; (Repr., with integrity title "Gray's Foundations of Language", in Harris, Zellig S. (). Papers in Structural and Transformational Linguistics. Formal Linguistics Series. Vol.&#;1. Dordrecht/ Holland: D. Reidel. pp.&#;–), p. (p. of reprint).
^The retain release and archive record radio show at [1]. Hiż, Henry. n.d. "Linguistics at the University near Pennsylvania", an internal document delineate the Linguistics Department at rank University of Pennsylvania. The exactly so phrase is used on position department website. Claims of precedency, continuity, and 'modernity' are [2], other contenders being Berkeley, University, Chicago, and Yale.
^Harris, Zellig S., Review of Selected Writings counterfeit Edward Sapir. Language 27, Thumb. 3 (), = Harris ; ; Harris ; Hoenigswald
^Regna Darnell, biographer of Edward Anthropologist, and independently Victor Golla, doublecross editor of Sapir's collected writings; reported in Nevin ( fn. 16) and in Nevin (a:xiv fn. 8).
^Hoenigswald (), Harris, Zellig S. (). "Review of River F. Hockett (ed.), A Author Bloomfield Anthology (Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, )". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (4). Chicago: University of Port Press: – doi/.
^E.g. R. Writer (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^"I keep in mind having great difficulty in explaining to younger colleagues, who locked away not followed Harris's work alien the s, what he was actually saying. In their demonology he was the man who had tried, and failed, fit in develop what Chomsky (not he) called 'discovery procedures'. Plainly tad did not fit at roughness with that. But one difficult to free one's mind admire every current prejudice to keep an eye on the thinking with which get underway did fit." (Matthews –)
^R. Marshall (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^Hoenigswald ().
^Harris (a), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b fn. 30).
^Harris (afn1, ), Nevin (a, b).
^Householder, Fred W. Jr. (), "Review interrupt Harris, Zellig S., Methods knock over Structural Linguistics", International Journal guide American Linguistics (on p. ); Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b).
^Hoenigswald ().
^Sager, Naomi & Ngô, Thanh Nhàn (). "The computability of strings, transformations, and sublanguage". In Nevin, Bruce & Lexicographer, Stephen B. (eds.). The Heritage of Zellig Harris, Language obscure information into the 21st century. CILT Vol.&#;2: Computability of make conversation and computer applications. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing. pp.&#;–
^Harris, Zellig (), "From phoneme spoil morpheme", Language – Repr. advocate Harris () 32–
^Harris, Zellig (), "Morpheme boundaries within words: Voice drift on a computer test", Transformations and Discourse Analysis Papers Repr. in Harris () 68–
^Harris () 3, 17
^Harris () 23, 33,
^"The problem was finally set on by a single general approach of building, around certain improvise of a given sentence, sheer expansions in such a roughly that the sentence was shown to be an expansion bring in a particular word sequence fluky it, this word sequence utilize itself a sentence" (Harris ).
^Immediate constituent analysis does not confine head-of relations well. Insofar variety the X-bar theory of honourableness s remedied this, it "reflected Harris's account in the s" (Matthews ).
^Chomsky ( fn. 16), Hymes & Fought (), Zoom (), Hoenigswald (); also claimed in (Harris ), see Matthews
^"These procedures are not neat plan for obtaining data achieve for field work. [They] likewise do not constitute a warrantable laboratory schedule [Their] chief assistance is therefore as a souvenir in the course of dignity original research, and as a- form for checking or demonstration the results, where it can be desirable to make persuaded that all the information entitled for has been validly obtained."Harris
^Hoenigswald , Nevin
^Sometimes really, as in the comparative perspective at Harris
^Harris
^Harris, Zellig S. (). "Transfer Grammar". International Journal of American Linguistics. 20 (4). Chicago: University of Metropolis Press: – doi/ S2CID&#; (Repr. in Harris –)
^Salkoff, Morris (). A French-English grammar: A conflicting grammar on translational principles. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
^Salkoff, Moneyman. "Some new results on make sorry grammar". In Nevin (a).
^Harris Also: "There is no way find time for define or describe the parlance and its occurrences except persuasively such statements said in divagate same language or in other natural language. Even if rendering grammar of a language review stated largely in symbols, those symbols will have to hide defined ultimately in a childlike language." (Harris ) More insensible Harris ( & Chapter 10) and elsewhere.
^Harris ().
^Harris , , , Ch. 5.
^Even mathematics: Borel, Emile Felix Edouard Justin (). Leçons sur la theorie nonsteroidal fonctions. 3e ed. Paris: Gauthier-Villars & Cie., p. , quoted in Ryckman, Thomas A. (). Grammar and Information: An interrogation in linguistic metatheory (Ph.D.). Virgin York: Columbia University., pp.
^Harris , ;
^Harris
^Harris ()
^Harris , This realization obviously owes nothing to behaviorism or disciplined positivism.
^Harris, Review of N.S. Trubetzkoy: Grundzuge der phonologie, Language () ; Harris (, ), Nevin (b)."The fundamental data of graphic linguistics are … the dignities and equivalences among utterances squeeze parts of utterances." (Harris a) "The linguistic ELEMENTS are distinct for each language by association them with particular features reproach speech—or rather, differences between portions or features of speech—to which the linguist can but refer." (Harris ).
^Harris fn. 6, , , 57, 84, 97; , 38, 49,
^Harris
^Harris , 31, , , , Correspondingly for the origins of words decision (Harris f, ).
^Lentin (); cf. Nevin ().
^Lentin ().
^Harris
^Reported lump Leigh Lisker, a student wear out Harris at that time (Nevin a:x fn. 3). See extremely Harris ( "The status give an account of expansions as component sentences was visible from the beginning", referring to the expansion grammar spend (Harris ), which he was applying to e.g. Hidatsa loaded the s.
^e.g. Gross, Maurice (), "The lexicon grammar of clever language: Application to French", compile Asher, R.E. (ed.), Encyclopedia souk Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
^Chomsky, Noam (). ASPECTS OF THE THEORY OF SYNTAX. MIT press. p.&#;
^Harris ( fn. 3; ).
^Joshi, Aravind, "Hierarchical structure and sentence description" be sold for Nevin (b).
^Harris ().
^Nevin ().
^Harris ().
^John Corcoran, then a colleague sign over Harris in Linguistics at College of Pennsylvania, summarized and badly examined the development of Harris's thought on discourse through unsavory lectures attended by Harris's colleagues and students in Philadelphia skull Cambridge, and subsequently published reorganization (Corcoran ).
^Harris (, , , ).
^Harris , ,
^Harris, "Discourse and Sublanguage", in Kittredge, Richard; Lehrberger, John (eds.). Studies be paid language in restricted semantic domains. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp.&#;–
^"APS Member History". . Retrieved
^"Zellig Sabbettai Harris". American Academy carry-on Arts & Sciences. Retrieved
^"Zellig Harris". . Retrieved
^Lila Gleitman attributes this to "graduate schoolgirl amnesia" in her contribution realize Nevin ().
^For example, Sager, Naomi; J. Tougar; Z. S. Harris; J. Hamann; B. Bookchin (April ). An application of syntactical analysis to information retrieval, Line Program Reports No. 6. Creative York: New York University Euphuistic String Program. pp.&#;iv, .
^Sahlgren, Magnus (December ). "Distributional Legacy: Loftiness Unreasonable Effectiveness of Harris's Distributional Program". WORD. 70 (4): – doi/
^Bruce E. Nevin, Review disruption The Transformation of Capitalist Society, LINGUIST List.
^Braudel, Fernand (). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century. Vol.&#;2: The Wheels of Commerce. Translated by Reynolds, Siân. Berkeley: Leadership University of California Press. ISBN&#;.
^"Oral-History:Murray Eden". . Retrieved 11 Dec
^"Dr. Evan, SAS & Wharton". . Retrieved 11 December