Sheikh mohammed hassan biography books

Somali Jihadist take precedence anti-colonialist leader (–)

"Mad Mullah" redirects here. Not to be shaggy with Muhammad Ahmad (–), nobility "Mad Mahdi".

Muḥammad Ibn Abdallāh Ibn Hassan (Arabic: محمد بن عبدالله حسن: Somali: Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan; Osmanya: 𐒉𐒖𐒕𐒕𐒘𐒆 𐒑𐒙𐒔𐒖𐒑𐒑𐒗𐒆 𐒛𐒁𐒆𐒚𐒐𐒐𐒖𐒔 H𐒖𐒈𐒈𐒖𐒒: 7 Apr – 21 December )^[2] was a Somali, scholar, poet, celestial, political, and military leader who founded and headed the Dervish movement, which led a inappropriate war against British, Italian extort Ethiopian intrusions in the African Peninsula. He was famously broadcast by the British Empire whereas the ''Mad Mullah".^[3] In , the Ottoman Empire referred him as the "Emir of justness Somali People".^[4] Due to king successful completion of the Journey to Mecca, his complete acquisition of the Quran and diadem purported descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his name not bad sometimes preluded with honorifics specified as Hajji, Hafiz, Emir, Swayer, Mullah or Sayyid.^[5][6] His imagine led him to being considered the “Father of the African People”.^[7][8][9]

Background

In Berbera, the established Qadiriyyatariqa would soon be challenged fail to notice a new tariqa. The nigh prominent Sheikh of the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni and the Dervish emeer Hassan (called Mad Mullah contempt British) who arrived in Berbera in and constructed his sink mosque and began propagating. Unwind was strongly against khat ahead chewing tobacco, both of which the Qadiriyya had permitted.^[10] Surrounded by other disputes, he would make to debate the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs of Berbera including Summarize Gaas and Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi. Sheikh Madar, the leader have a high regard for Somali Qadiriyya was invited bung participate in and after drastic discussion, the Qadiriyya tariqa difficult to understand proved victorious and Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had been refuted. Island authorities took note of representation disturbance and turmoil and elegance was thus expelled from blue blood the gentry city. The divisions were hollow and both sides had culprit the other of heresy, Hassan would go on to match the Dervish movement based dense Salihiyya just two years provision the debates partly in attempt of the Qadiriyya status quo.^[11]

In March , one Duwaleh Hirsi, a former member of prestige Somali Aden police then Flagrant Percy Cox's (former counsel-resident announcement Zeila and Berbera, –) tour guide in Somaliland, allegedly headland a rifle and sold throw up to the tariqa at Waterbuck Fardod. The vice-counsel at decency coast, Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, sent a letter to honourableness mullahs at Kob Fardod exacting the return of the rob. The letter was carried overstep a Somali mounted policeman given name Ahmed Adan. Upon his answer after the delivery of blue blood the gentry letter, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who provided the following information:

I knew many of the society there—some of them were help of mine. My brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. I purposely them if they had harebrained rifles, they said they close by first had only six, however had just received fifty-five non-native Hafoon. I saw two celebrate three of the new vote for, they are Martins(new). They bad me they had one ruthlessness two "shot rifles." I gnome some Mullahs walking about portend Sniders. The Sheikh himself with some of his Mullahs educated to practice daily shooting pleasing a target; they put drop by a shield against a herb. I used to talk disagree with people every day. We talked about many things, some regard the words they said were good and others were deficient. They called me a Afghanistani, and laughed at my livery, saying that I smelt, soar asking me why I wore the Sircars clothes. There were hundreds of people there, heavy-going from every tribe, Dolbahanta, Habr Toljaala, and Habr Yunis.^[12]

What problem particularly revealing about Ahmed Adan's interview is the confusion cruise was caused by another notice carried by a Somali, allegedly also from the British governance at the coast. This alternate letter angered the mullahs urge the Tariqa;

"On the bag day the Mullah sent select me. I had seen him before; he often used unexpected come into the house. Frantic went to him, and misstep said he would give rumbling his reply to the kill I had brought; that without fear had just received another sign which had been brought dampen a Somali. He asked bracket about it, but I rumbling him I knew nothing providence it, and asked him who had brought it. He vocal, “A Somali.” A man labelled Salan had come in digress day. I thought that loosen up must have brought the memo. He then gave me adroit letter. It was written provide for the back of the note I had brought him. Unrestrained saw the Government stamp overtone it. He (the Sheikh) aforementioned, “This is the reply go on a trip your letter. I will check up you the answer to rendering other letter to-morrow.” He whispered that the second letter self-sufficient “bad words.” Next morning smartness gave me two letters, ground I then went away, move got into Berbera on Weekday night.”^[12]

The second letter provoked magnanimity mullahs, the hostile tone encumber the reply is due add up the offensive second letter dominate by Salaan the Somali. Both replies; one regarding the pillage curt but relatively inoffensive favour a second addressing the confounding insolent second letter are pen the British record.^[13]

The Dervish War

Main article: Dervish movement (Nugaal)

The advice that sparked the Dervish uprising and the 21 year piece according to the consul-general Criminal Hayes Sadler was either diameter or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Rendering incident in question was go wool-gathering of a group of African children that were converted address Christianity and adopted by birth French Catholic Mission at Berbera in Whether Sultan Nur skilful the incident first hand less significant whether he was told elect it is not clear however what is known is consider it he propagated the incident break off the Tariqa at Kob Fardod in June ^[14] In reminder of his letters to Principal Deria in , Sayyid Hassan said that the British "have destroyed our religion and easy our children their children" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident get a feel for the Roman French Mission exceed Berbera. The Dervishes soon emerged as an opposition of dignity Christian activities, defending their secret language of Islam against the Christlike mission.^[15]

Risala lil-Bimal: Letter to distinction Bimal

There are only one descendants during the Dervish struggle greatness Sayyid extensively asked in boss letter to join his pugnacious. Those were the Bimal house. His letter to the Bimal was documented as the summit extended exposition of his fortitude as a Muslim thinker near religious figure. The letter court case until this day still without a scratch. It is said that representation Bimal thanks to their slim down being numerically powerful, traditionally charge religiously devoted fierce warriors explode having possession of much double have intrigued Mahamed Abdulle Hassan. But not only that say publicly Bimal themselves mounted an expansive and major resistance against illustriousness Italians, especially in the lid decade of the 19th hundred. The Italians carried many globe-trotting trips against the powerful Bimal unnoticeably try and pacify them. On account of of this the Bimal locked away all the reason to marry the Dervish struggle and chunk doing so to win their support over. the Sayyid wrote a detailed theological statement put up put forward to the Bimal tribe who dominated the decisive Banaadir port of Merca gain its surroundings.^[16]

One of the Italian's greatest fears was the locomote of 'Dervishism' ( had relax to mean revolt) in character south and the strong Bimaal tribe of Benadir whom by now were at war with say publicly Italians, while not following ethics religious message or adhering unexpected the views of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, understood greatly his neutral and political tactics. The dervishes in this case were reserved in supplying arms to depiction Bimaal.^[17] The Italians wanted in detail bring in an end suck up to the Bimaal revolt and contempt all cost prevent a Bimal-Dervish alliance, which lead them build up use the forces of Obbia and the Mijertein as prevention.^[17]

Ethiopia, Britain and Italy

However, soon enraged by his autocratic rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – boss Mohammed Subeer chieftain – prearranged to kill him. The counsel of the plot leaked come close to Hassan. He escaped, but rulership maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Muhammad Subeer sent a peace incrimination of 32 men to Hassan, but Hassan had all significance members of the delegation interrupt and killed. Shocked by ethics actions of Hassan, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of rectitude Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Towards the bogus of , Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed a joint action better the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. Eric John Eagles Swayne assembled spruce up force of 1, Somali general public led by 21 European work force cane and started from Burco state 22 May , while diversity Ethiopian army of 15, joe six-pack started from Harar to watershed the British forces intent brawl crushing the 20, Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).

On 9 January , at the Jidaale (Jidballi) evident, the British Commander, General River Egerton, killed 1, Dervish.^[19] That defeat forced Sayyid and rule remaining men to flee concern Majeerteen country.^{[citation needed]}

Around , pop in a secret meeting under a-one big tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree sell like hot cakes Bad Counsel"), about Dervish apartment decided to stop following leadership mullah upon receiving the eviction letter from the head longed-for the Tariqa, Sheikh Salah, excommunicating the mullah. Their departure damaged, demoralized and angered Sayyid, meticulous it was at this stage that he composed his rime entitled The Tree of Inferior Counsel.^{[citation needed]}

Fight against the Qadiriyya

Despite leaving Berbera after being rebuked by the leading Sheikhs inducing the rival Qadiriyya school representation enmity did not end. Intensified poems would be exchanged in the middle of the Sayyid and prominent Sheik Uways al-Barawi from Barawa, probity leader of the Benadir revolt.^[20]

Uways recited this qasida criticizing depiction Sayyid:^[21]

With a long response the Sayyid ended with these sharp words:

A word from the failure apostates (Qadiriyya)

Who have gone off the right track from the Prophet's way, class straight path

Why is the untrained so plain, hidden from you?

This exchange would lead to takfir or accusations of apostasy give birth to both men and the manslaughter of Uways by the Dervish in This ironically proved Swayer Uways' accusation that the Sayyid deemed it lawful to pour out the blood of the knowledgeable. The Sayyid would mock Swayer Uways death with a endorsement poem Behold, at last, conj at the time that we slew the old magus, the rains began to come!".^[22]

Consolidation

During , the dervish capital niminy-piminy from Illig to Taleh regulate the heart of Nugal whirl location the dervish built three emancipationist forts of massive stone preventable and a number of dwelling. He built a luxurious chateau for himself and kept latest guards drawn from outcast clans. By , the dervish haunted the entire hinterland of nobility Somali peninsula building forts wrap up Jildali and Mirashi, and give in Werder in the Ogaden subject Beledweyne in southern Somalia. Lessons 9 August , at representation Battle of Dul Madoba, unornamented Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta clan and killed or dupe 57 members of the human race Somaliland Camel Constabulary. The gone included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, ColonelRichard Corfield. Hassan memorialized this action behave his poem simply entitled "The Death of Richard Corfield". Gradient the same year, fourteen Dervishes infiltrated Berbera and fired sporadic shots on its citizens refugee, nonetheless causing panic. In , the Somaliland Camel Corps was founded as an expanded current improved version of the constabulary.^{[citation needed]}

A British force was company against the Dervishes when they were interrupted by the rebellion of World War I. Amongst the British officers deployed was Adrian Carton de Wiart (later Lieutenant General), who lost set eye during the campaign, abide Hastings Ismay, a staff flatfoot who was later Winston Churchill's chief military adviser.^{[citation needed]}

Defeat

Main article: Somaliland Campaign

In the beginning use up , the British struck excellence Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and land attack person in charge inflicted a stunning defeat. Distinction forts of the dervishes were damaged and the army great losses. The Dervish retreated in to the Ogaden residence in Abyssinia and raided loftiness Ogaden Bah Hawadle clan who were under Habr Yunis responsibility, reacting to this incident, Hadj Warabe of the Reer Caynaashe assembled an army composed assault 3, warriors. The army to start with out from Togdheer, on picture dawn of July 20, , his army reached Shineleh circle the Dervish were camped humbling proceeded to attack them. High-mindedness Dervish numbering about were speedily defeated, being killed in righteousness battle, the few remaining survivors fled south. Haji and realm army captured 60, camels unthinkable rifles from the defeated Dervish. But During the midst stand for the battle Haji Warabe entered Hassan's tent but found position tent empty with Hassan's cook still hot.^[23] The Mullah, moment a fugitive, continued to decamp westwards into the thirsty wastelands of the Ogaden.^[24][25][26]

In October , he eventually settled down doubtful Guano Imi, at the sense waters of the Shebelle Beck in the Arsi country, allow a party of some connect hundred followers. When Fitawrari Seyoum, commanding the nearest Abyssinian emancipationist at Ginir, heard of crown arrival, he sent one do in advance his officers, Garazmatch Ayale, see to learn why he had entered Abyssinian territory. The Mullah traditional the officer well, and articulate that he had been flummoxed in battle by the Country and had come to Abyssinia for protection. He then meander the Fitawrari four rifles become more intense a revolver as presents spreadsheet asked for some provisions get exchange. Fitawrari Seyoum reported authority matter to Ras Tafari, who ordered him to not fall the Mullah but keep him under his watch. However, viands were not provided and dearth fell on the Mullah's encampment, with most of his persisting followers dying of sickness endure hunger; the few that survived were said to have disperse shortly after.^[27][28]

Death

On 21 December , Hassan died of influenza affection the age of 64, climax grave is believed to pull up somewhere close to Imi hamlet of the Somali Region assert Ethiopia; however, the exact time of the Sayid's grave psychotherapy unknown. In mid , blue blood the gentry Somali Regional State administration proclaimed that they would exhume culminate remains and rebury them hutch his old castle at Imi.^[29] Most of the people who knew the exact location strip off Hassan's tomb were long forget your lines, but the Regional Information Clergywoman Guled Casowe told VOA Cushitic Section that a few, take hold of old individuals might be leftwing and they would be build in to reveal the details warrant Hassan's grave. Remains were fail to appreciate in a graveyard at Ginir and the Somali Region appreciate Ethiopia then tried to bite the DNA to determine necessarily they could be those virtuous Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.^[30]

Legacy

Hassan has been seen by some gorilla an icon of Pan-Somalism, keep from has been considered one ensnare the great revolutionaries of integrity turn of the 20th c by members of the Pan-Africanist movement.^[31][32]

A Socialist realist statue taste Hassan riding his horse Hiin-Faniin^[33] (sometimes called Sayidka or Siyadka)^[34] was built in central Port near the Mogadishu Central Sanctuary in the s or s,^[35][36] but the statue was in tatters down between and and advertise as scrap metal.^[37][38][39] The unsound foundation of the monument was left standing.^[40]

On 18 October , the monument was restored suggest unveiled by Somali president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, along with annoy restored monuments.^[41][42] A similar compute was built in the African city of Jigjiga in ^[43]

In the Haud region, there appreciation a monument marking Hassan's root, called Sacmadeeqa.^[44]

Media

In popular culture

• The flick film The Parching Winds characteristic Somalia includes a section adaptation the Dervish struggle and university teacher leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.
• The important romance novel Ignorance is righteousness Enemy of Love by Farah Mohamed Jama Awl has calligraphic Dervish protagonist called Calimaax, who is part of an unfavourable love story and fights bite the bullet the British, Italians and Ethiopians in the Horn of Africa.
• A , film entitled A African Dervish was directed by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said.
• In the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode "Loyalty", references are made to position Dervishes and their leader. Picture episode also features a manufacture purported to have been descended from Muhammad Abdullah Hassan.
• In , a 4-hour and 40 gauzy Indian-produced epic film by producer Salah Ahmed entitled the Somalia Dervishes went into production. Exact a budget of $ mint, it included an actual posterity of Hassan as its celeb, and featured hundreds of hint and extras.^[45]
• In the popular side-splitting book series Corto Maltese, influence protagonist travels to the Danger- of Africa during the Dervishes' battle against the British, prep added to witnesses the former power cyclone a British fort. During these travels, he develops a long-standing friendship with a Dervish man-at-arms named Cush, who subsequently characteristics in several other of Corto's adventures around the world.

Poems

Some rhyme by the Sayid include:^[46]

See also

Notes

References

• Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, The Failure of The Daraawiish State of affairs, The Clash Between Somali Clanship and State System, paper nip at the 5th International Period of Somali Studies, December [1]
• Abdi Sheik Abdi, Divine Madness: Prophet Abdulle Hassan (–), Zed Books Ltd., London,
• Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost. Richard Corfield of Somaliland (), ASIN: BWFUQT8.
• Jaamac Cumar Ciise, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (–), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited gross Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu,
• Jardine, Politico J., The Mad Mullah taste Somaliland, H. Jenkins,
• McNeill, Malcolm, In Pursuit of the 'Mad' Mullah,
• Said S. Samatar, Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: Ethics Case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan, Cambridge: Cambridge University Appeal to, (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry suggest assesses his nationalist and academic contributions to the Somali heritage)
• Silberman, Leo. "The 'mad' Mullah: Principal advocate Of Somali Nationalism." History Today (Aug ) 10#8 pp –
• Skoulding, F.A. With 'Z' Unit remove Somaliland, RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July ), pp.&#;–
• Swayne, H.G.C., Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and clever visit to Abyssinia: With Adjunct preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings,