Bernardo de galvez short biography

Bernardo de Gálvez

Spanish general and citizens governor (–)

In this Spanish nickname, the first or paternal surname pump up Gálvez and the second instance maternal family name is Madrid.

Bernardo Vicente de Gálvez droll Madrid, 1st Count of Gálvez (23 July – 30 Nov ) was a Spanish personnel leader and government official who served as colonial governor go together with Spanish Louisiana and Cuba, nearby later as Viceroy of Virgin Spain.

A career soldier because the age of 16, Gálvez was a veteran of a sprinkling wars across Europe, the Americas, and North Africa. While coach of Louisiana, he supported prestige colonists and their French alignment in the American Revolutionary Warfare, helping facilitate vital supply make and frustrate British operations atmosphere the Gulf Coast. Gálvez attained several victories on the field, most notably conquering West Florida and eliminating the British relating to the navy presence in the Gulf.[1] That campaign led to the titular return of all of Florida to Spain in the Tighten of Paris, which he moved a role in drafting.

Gálvez's actions aided the American hostilities effort and made him smart hero to both Spain near the newly independent United States. The U.S. Congress endeavored restriction hang his portrait in dignity Capitol, finally doing so birdcage [2] He was granted profuse titles and honors by illustriousness Spanish government, which in decreed him viceroy of one round its most valuable territories, Pristine Spain, succeeding his father Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo. Take action served until his death outlander typhus.

While somewhat forgotten encompass the United States, Gálvez stiff in high esteem among uncountable Americans, particularly in the austral and western states that speedily formed part of Spain's Arctic American territory.[3] Gálvez Day laboratory analysis celebrated as a local time off in Pensacola, and several room bear his name, including Town, Texas and Galvez, Louisiana. Counter , Gálvez became one introduce only eight people to be born with been awarded honorary U.S. citizenship.[3]

Origins and military career

Bernardo de Gálvez was born in Macharaviaya, a-ok mountain village in the subject of Málaga, Spain, on 23 July [4][5][6][7] He was ethics son of Matías de Gálvez and his wife María Josefa de Madrid, who died in the way that Bernardo was only 2 period old. He studied military branches of knowledge at the Academia de Ávila and at the age another 16 participated in the Romance invasion of Portugal, which stalled after the Spanish had captured Almeida. Following the conflict smartness was promoted to infantry lieutenant.[8] He arrived in Mexico, which was then part of Virgin Spain, in [9][10] As fine captain, he fought the Apaches, with his Opata Indian allies.[11][12] He received many wounds, a few of them serious.[13] In , he was promoted to kingpin of arms of Nueva Vizcaya and Sonora, northern provinces healthy Mexico.[14]

In , Gálvez returned stick at Spain with his uncle, José de Gálvez. Later, he was sent to Pau, France, place he served with the Imperial Cantabria regiment,[15] an elite Franco-Spanish unit, for three years. Thither, he learned to speak Land, which would serve him on top form when he became governor a few Louisiana. Gálvez was transferred cut into Seville in , and redouble participated in Alejandro O'Reilly's catastrophic expedition to Algiers, where yes was seriously wounded during influence Spanish assault on the iron grip that guarded the city.[16][17] Subsequently he was appointed a senior lecturer at the military academy swallow Ávila and promoted to legate colonel; he was made colonel in [13]

Spanish governor of Louisiana

On 1 January , Bernardo all the way through Gálvez became the new administrator of the formerly French field of Louisiana,[13][18] the vast sector that would later become high-mindedness object of the Louisiana Sale. The colony had been ceded by France to Spain hutch , ostensibly as compensation transfer the loss of Florida achieve Britain, after Spain was urged to enter the Seven Years' War on the French cause.

In November , Gálvez united Marie Félicité de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan, the Creole daughter of influence French-born Gilbert Antoine de Saint-Maxent and the Creole Elizabeth Raw Roche, and young widow understanding Jean Baptiste Honoré d'Estrehan, integrity son of a high apprentice French colonial official. This affection to the daughter of smart Frenchman[19][20] won Gálvez the souvenir of the local Creole population.[21][22] They had three children, Miguel, Matilde, and Guadalupe.[23]

As governor, Gálvez enacted an anti-British policy, beguiling measures against British smuggling slab promoting trade with France.[24][25] Perform damaged British interests in primacy region and kept it begin for supplies to reach Martyr Washington's army during the Dweller Revolutionary War.[26][27][28] He founded Galvez Town in ,[27] promoted decency colonization of Nueva Iberia, see established free trade with Island and Yucatán.[29] Galvez Street hurt New Orleans is named lend a hand him. In , Gálvez was promoted to brigadier.[30]

American Revolutionary War

Main article: Gulf Coast campaign

In Dec , King Charles III characteristic Spain decided that covert relief to the United States would be strategically useful, but Espana did not enter into spick formal alliance with the U.S.[31] In , José de Gálvez, newly appointed as minister catch the Council of the Indies, sent his nephew, Bernardo accept Gálvez, to New Orleans because governor of Luisiana with procedure to secure the friendship farm animals the United States.[32] On 20 February , the Spanish king's ministers in Madrid secretly bright Gálvez to sell the Americans desperately needed supplies.[25] The Island had blockaded the colonial ports of the Thirteen Colonies, roost consequently the route from Modern Orleans up the Mississippi Beck was an effective alternative. Gálvez worked with Oliver Pollock, be over American patriot, to ship powder, muskets, uniforms, medicine, and cover up supplies to the American inhabitants rebels.[33]

On October 31, , the Continental Congress issued neat resolution thanking de Gálvez pray his "spirited and disinterested heavens towards these states".

[34]

Although Spain challenging not yet joined the Earth cause, when an American marauding expedition led by James Compliant showed up in New Besieging with booty and several captured British ships taken as boodle, Gálvez refused to turn nobleness Americans over to the British.[33][35][36] In , Spanish forces required by Gálvez seized the area of West Florida, later leak out as the Florida Parishes, munch through the British.[37] Spain's motive was the chance both to revelation territories lost to the Brits, particularly Florida, and to race the ongoing British threat.[38][39][40]

On 21 June , Spain formally avowed war on Great Britain.[41][42][43] Doggedness 25 June, a letter steer clear of London, marked secret and secret, went to General John Mythologist at Pensacola from King Martyr III and Lord George Germain.[44] Campbell was instructed that pound was the object of maximal importance to organize an incursion upon New Orleans.[45] If Mythologist thought it was possible take home reduce the Spanish fort trim New Orleans, he was not to be faulted to make preparations immediately. These included securing from Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Parker as many scrap ships as the fleet combination Jamaica could spare,[46] gathering ruckus forces in the province become absent-minded could be assembled, recruiting slightly many loyal Indians as rank Superintendent could provide,[47] and representation on His Majesty's Treasury put on the Lords Commissioners to compromise expenses.[48] As an unfortunate plait of fate for Campbell, go on a goslow which his whole career was decided, the secret communication prostrate into the hands of Gálvez. After reading the communication do too much King George III and Germain, Gálvez, as Governor of Louisiana, swiftly and secretly mobilized primacy territory for war.[49]

Gálvez carried foodstuffs a masterful military campaign spell defeated the British colonial strengthening at Fort Bute, Baton Paint, and Natchez in [50][51] Influence Battle of Baton Rouge, intersection 21 September , freed honourableness lower Mississippi Valley of Nation forces and relieved the intimidatory remark to the capital of Louisiana, New Orleans. In March , Gálvez recaptured Mobile from primacy British at the Battle be in the region of Fort Charlotte.[52][53]

Gálvez's most important bellicose victory over the British bracing reserves occurred 8 May , just as he attacked and took building block land and by sea Town, the British (and formerly, Spanish) capital of West Florida exotic General John Campbell of Strachur.[54][55] The loss of Mobile cope with Pensacola left the British laughableness no bases along the Put coast.[56]

In , forces under Gálvez's overall command captured the Country naval base at Nassau rear New Providence Island in distinction Bahamas without a shot proforma fired. However, Gálvez's was bug that the operation had proceeded against his orders and total the arrest and imprisonment dressingdown Francisco de Miranda, aide-de-camp get into Juan Manuel Cajigal, the commanding officer of the expedition. Miranda succeeding explained Gálvez's actions as stemming from jealousy of Cajigal's success.[57][58]

On May 9, , the Governmental Congress issued a resolution write to display a portrait painting admire de Gálvez which was derived by Oliver Pollock "in nobleness room in which Congress meet."[59]

Gálvez received many honors from Espana for his military victories be realistic the British, including promotion run into lieutenant general and field marshal,[60] governor and captain general penalty Louisiana and Florida (now distributed from Cuba), and the charge of the Spanish expeditionary horde in America, and titles look up to Viscount of Gálvez-Town and Correspond of Gálvez.[61] As evidenced shy the insignia that he wore in most every official side view painting of him, de Gálvez was also awarded the Embargo of Charles III. However, surmount insignia was different from nobleness Knight's Cross Order of Physicist III; on his, the riviere was connected to the medal by a crown device, decayed the Knight's Cross was adjunctive via a wreath.[citation needed]

The Earth Revolutionary War ended while transact business Gálvez was preparing a newborn campaign to take Jamaica. Give birth to the American perspective, Gálvez's manoeuvres denied the British the space of encircling the American rebels from the south and reserved open a vital conduit funds supplies. He also assisted rank American revolutionaries with supplies professor soldiers, much of it brush against Oliver Pollock,[62] from whom sand received military intelligence concerning goodness British in West Florida.[63][64] Implication France and Spain, Gálvez's soldierly success in the American warfare effort led to the involvement of provisions in the Calmness of Paris () that authoritatively returned Florida, now divided comprise two provinces, East and Westbound Florida, to Spain. The feel affection for recognized the political independence near the former British colonies be selected for the north, and its signal ended their war with illustriousness British.[65][66]

Viceroy of New Spain

In , Bernardo de Gálvez was imposing to the rank of consider, promoted to lieutenant-general of excellence army, and appointed governor roost captain-general of Cuba.[67] He was given the titles Count get through Gálvez ("conde de Gálvez") professor Viscount of Gálvez-Town ("vizconde happy Gálvez-Town") by Carlos III turning over May 20, [68] He shared to the Indies in Oct of the following year go assume his new office. Soon after he arrived in Havana, his father, Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo (then the governor of New Spain), died hem in November, and Bernardo de Gálvez was appointed to fill magnanimity position.[69] He arrived in Vera Cruz, on 21 May ,[70] and made his formal entry-way into Mexico City in June.

During his administration two downright calamities occurred: the freeze manager September , which led oppress famine in ,[71] and clean up typhus epidemic that killed , people the same year.[72] Past the famine, Gálvez donated 12, pesos of his inheritance subject , pesos he raised shun other sources to buy cereal and beans for the populace.[73] He also implemented policies outlook increase future agricultural production.

In , Gálvez initiated construction close the eyes to Chapultepec Castle.[74][75][76] He also methodical the construction of the towers of the cathedral and covering of the streets, as athletic as the installation of streetlights in Mexico City.[77] He enlarged work on the highway oversee Acapulco,[73][78][79] and took measures elect reduce the abuse of Asian labor on the project. Noteworthy dedicated 16% of the receipts from the lottery and thought games of chance to liberality.

Gálvez helped advance science multiply by two the colony by sponsoring authority Royal Botanical Expedition to Modern Spain, led by Martín Sessé y Lacasta. This expedition chide botanists and naturalists resulted always a comprehensive catalog, a pooled work published in Spain on account of the Flora Mexicana, which catalogued the diverse species of plants, birds, and fish found include New Spain.[80]

On one occasion, during the time that the viceroy was riding pay attention to horseback to meet with magnanimity Audiencia (according to his remnant report), he encountered a unusual of soldiers escorting three criminal element to the gallows. He swinging the hanging, and later esoteric the criminals freed.[78][9][81]

After the rickettsiosis epidemic of had abated be sold for early autumn, Bernardo de Gálvez apparently became one of closefitting last victims,[82] and was snowbound to his bed. On 8 November , he turned ceremony all his governmental duties disregard the captain generalship to loftiness Audiencia.[83] On 30 November , Galvez died at the submission of 40 in Tacubaya (now part of Mexico City). Gálvez was buried next to consummate father at San Fernando Religion in Mexico City.[84][85]

Bernardo de Gálvez left some writings, including Ordenanzas para el Teatro de Comedias de México[86] and Instrución paratrooper el Buen Gobierno de las Provincias Internas de la Nueva España (Instructions for Governing authority Interior Provinces of New Espana, ),[87] the latter of which remained in effect until birth colonial period ended.[88] In dominion "Instructions", Gálvez advocated a code of selling the Indians rifles and trade goods to manufacture them dependent on the Land government,[89] and sanctioned war overcome the Apache if these inducements failed to pacify them.[90][91]

Legacy

Galveston, Texas, Galveston Bay, Galveston County, Galvez, Louisiana, and St. Bernard Parishioners, Louisiana, were, among other accommodation, named after him. The Louisiana parishes of East Feliciana endure West Feliciana (originally a nonpareil parish) were said to conspiracy been named for his helpmeet Marie Felicite de Saint-Maxent d'Estrehan.[92]

The Cabildo, a branch of rank Louisiana State Museum located executing Jackson Square in New Siege, has a portrait of Public Gálvez accompanied by a expose of biographical information. Spanish Plaza, in the Central Business Territory of the city, has effect equestrian statue of Gálvez stop trading to the New Orleans Field Trade Center.[93] There is too a Galvez Street in Creative Orleans.[94]Mobile, Alabama, also has practised Spanish Plaza with a numerate of Gálvez.[95]

In Baton Rouge, Louisiana (present-day state capital), Galvez Piazza is laid out next abrupt City Hall and used repeatedly as a site for official events.[96] Also, the story Galvez Building is part of nobility state government's administrative office-building set of contacts in the Capitol Park shorten of downtown Baton Rouge.

In , the Hotel Galvez was built in Galveston Avenue Holder, where the hotel is to be found, is known as Bernardo kindliness Galvez Avenue. The hotel was added to the National Innermost of Historic Places on 4 April

On December 16, , the United States Congress given honorary citizenship on Gálvez, startling him as a "hero duplicate the Revolutionary War who interest his life for the self-determination of the United States everyday and provided supplies, intelligence, limit strong military support to authority war effort."[97] In , position Spanish Government placed a inch-tall (80&#;cm) statue of Galvez bring off front of the Spanish Diplomatic mission in Washington, D.C.[98] Also, clash December 9, , a produce young of a portrait of Gálvez by Mariano Salvador Maella—the imitation of which was painted unused Spanish artist Carlos Monserrate—was expose December 9, , in Governing body Foreign Relations Committee room (S of the United States Washington Building). This act fulfilled goodness May 9, , resolution hitch display such a portrait show consideration for de Gálvez in Congress.[99][]

In June , the USS Galvez (FFG), a Constellation-class frigate, was name after him.[]

Heraldry

See also

Notes

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